The Usage of Pneuma in the New
Testament. This Is Appendix
101 From The Companion Bible.
Pneuma = Spirit, is the Greek word
corresponding with the Hebrew ruach in the Old Testament.
The usage of the latter will be found in Appendix 9, and
should be compared with this Appendix. As to the
Greek word (pneuma): we must consider I. the occurrences,
and II. the usage:-
- Pneuma occurs in the Received Greek Text 385
times. Of these, all the Critical Texts (see Appendix 94.
vii) agree in omitting nine1 (or in
substituting another reading) and in adding three.2
The occurrences are thus distributed :-
|
Received Text |
To be omitted
1 |
To be added
2 |
Net result |
In the
Gospels... |
105 |
2 |
__ |
103 |
In the
Acts... |
69 |
1 |
1 |
69 |
In the
earlier Pauline |
21 |
2 |
__ |
19 |
In the
later Pauline |
140 |
2 |
1 |
139 |
In the
Apostolic Epistles |
27 |
2 |
__ |
25 |
In the
Apocalypse |
23 |
__ |
1 |
24 |
|
385 |
9 |
3 |
379 | The above 385 occurrences in the Received Text
are thus rendered in the Authorized Version :-
"Spirit", 133; "spirit", 153;
"spiritual", 1; "ghost", 2;
"life", 1; and "wind", 1. |
291 |
In the Genitive Case, "spiritually", 1
... |
1 |
With "hagion" (= holy) = "Holy
Spirit", 4; "Holy Ghost", 89....... |
93 |
|
___ |
|
=
385 |
In the margin :- |
"Breath" is given
twice as an alternative for "spirit", and once for
"life". |
"Of the spirit" is
given as an alternative for "spiritually"; and
"spirit" is given as an alternative for
"spiritual". |
- The
usages given of pneuma. The following have been noted in
The Companion Bible. It is used for
- GOD. "God is pneuma" (John
4:24-). Not
"a" spirit, for there is no indefinite Article in the
Greek.
- CHRIST, as in 1 Corinthians
6:17; 15:45; and especially
2 Corinthians
3:17,
18
(= the pneuma of verse 6-, etc).
- THE HOLY SPIRIT, generally with the Article, denoting the Giver,
as distinct from His gifts. See Number 14. After a
Preposition the Article is sometimes to be understood, as being
latent.
- THE OPERATIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT, in the bestowal
of spiritual gifts, as in 1 Corinthians
12:4 -
11.
- THE NEW NATURE in the child of
God, because "begotten" in us by God, as in John
3:3 -
7.
1 John
5:1,
4.
See note on Matthew 1:1. This is more
especially the Pauline usage: spirit as opposed to what is
of the flesh (John 3:6. Romans
8:4). Hence called
"pneuma Theou" (= Divine pneuma (Romans
8:9. 1 Corinthians
7:40; 12:3-), and
pneuma Christou (= Christ pneuma) in Romans
8:9.
- MAN (psychologically), pneuma being
imparted to man, making him "a living psuche" (=
"a living soul", or being, as in Genesis 2:7. Psalm
104:29,
30.
Ecclesiastes 12:7). When taken
back to and by God, man, without pneuma, becomes and is
called "a dead soul" in each of the thirteen occurrences
rendered in Authorized Version "dead body", etc. See Appendix 13
ix.
- CHARACTER, as being in
itself invisible, and manifested only in one's actions, etc. Romans
8:15. (2 Timothy
1:7, etc.).
- OTHER INVISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS (by Figure of
Speech. Metonymy, Appendix 6): such
as feelings or desires (Matthew 26:41, etc.); or that
which is supernatural.
- MAN (physiologically), pneuma being put
by Figure of Speech. Synecdoche (Appendix 6)
for the whole person; a part for the whole (as in Luke 1:47, "my
spirit" = I myself.) See Appendix 9
VII.
- ADVERBIALLY. But this is
only once, in the Authorized Version, where it is translated
"spiritually" in Romans 8:6. Compare the
Revised Version rendering.
- ANGELS, or SPIRIT-BEINGS. As in Acts
8:29. Hebrews
1:7,
14.
1 Peter
3:19. Revelation
1:4.
- DEMONS, or evil spirit-beings, as in Mark 7:25, 26. Luke
10:17,
20,
etc.
- THE RESURRECTION BODY, as in
1 Corinthians
15:45. 1 Peter
3:18; 4:6.
- Pneuma hagion = holy spirit, and is so printed in
The Companion Bible. This usage (without Articles) occurs
52 times in the New Testament, and is always wrongly rendered
"the Holy Spirit" (with the definite Article, and capital
letters). Consequently there is no stronger rendereing available when
there are two Articles present in the Greek (to pneuma to
hagion), which means "the Spirit the Holy
[Spirit]". Hence, the English reader can never tell which of the
two very different Greek expressions he is reading.
Pneuma hagion (without Articles)
is never used of the Giver (the Holy Spirit), but only and always of His
gift. What this gift is may be seen by comparing Acts 1:4, 5 with Luke
24:49, where
"the promise of the Father" is called (in the former
passages) pneuma hagion, and in the latter is called
"power from on high". This "power from on
high" includes whatever gifts the Holy Spirit may
bestow "according to His own will". What particular gift
is meant is sometimes stated, that is to say, "faith",
"power", etc. This will be found to be the case in every
one of the 52 occurrences. See Acts 2:4 (the first
occurrence subsequent to Acts 1:4, 5), where we read
"they were all filled 3 with
pneuma hagion, and began to speak with other tongues, as
THE Spirit gave". Here the Giver and His
gift are strictly distinguished.
The following are the 52 occurrences of pneuma
hagion. Those marked * are the subject of a various reading, and
h.p. denotes
hagion pneuma: Matthew 1:18, 20; 3:11. Mark
1:8. Luke
1:15, 35, 41,
67;
2:25; 3:16; 4:1-; 11:13. John
1:-33; 7:-39; 20:22. Acts
1:2,
5;
2:4-; 4:8, 31*; 6:3, 5; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:16, 24; 13:9, 52; 19:2, 2. Romans
5:5; 9:1; 14:17; 15:13, 16. 1 Corinthians
2:13*; 6:19h.p.; 12:-3. 2 Corinthians
6:6. 1 Thessalonians
1:5,
6.
2 Timothy
1:14. Titus
3:5. Hebrews
2:4; 6:4. 1 Peter
1:12. 2 Peter
1:21.
Jude 20.
The above 14 usages of pneuma, and the
52 occurrences of pneuma hagion, are all indicated in the
notes of The Companion Bible.
NOTES
1 Luke
2:40; 9:55. Acts
18:5. Romans
8:1. 1 Corinthians
6:20. Ephesians
5:9. 1 Timothy
4:12. 1 Peter
1:22. 1 John
5:7.
2 Acts
4:25. Philippians
4:23. Revelation
22:6.
3 The Verb to
fill takes three Cases after it. In the Active, the
Accusative of the vessel, or whatever is filled; and the
Genitive, of what it is filled with. In the Passive, the Dative, of the
filler; and the Genitive, of what the vessel is filled
with. In Ephesians 5:18 it is the Dative,
strengthened by the Preposition (en pneumati), denoting the
Holy Spirit Himself as being the one Who fills with other gifts than
"wine".
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