Ham - warm, hot, and hence the south; also an
Egyptian word meaning "black", the youngest son of Noah (Gen. 5:32; comp.
9:22,24). The curse pronounced by Noah against Ham, properly against Canaan his
fourth son, was accomplished when the Jews subsequently exterminated the
Canaanites.
One of the most important facts recorded in Gen. 10 is the foundation of the
earliest monarchy in Babylonia by Nimrod the grandson of Ham (6, 8, 10). The
primitive Babylonian empire was thus Hamitic, and of a cognate race with the
primitive inhabitants of Arabia and of Ethiopia. (See ACCAD.)
The race of Ham were the most energetic of all the descendants of Noah in the
early times of the post-diluvian world.
Haman - (of Persian origin), magnificent, the name of
the vizier (i.e., the prime minister) of the Persian king Ahasuerus (Esther 3:1,
etc.). He is called an "Agagite," which seems to denote that he was descended
from the royal family of the Amalekites, the bitterest enemies of the Jews, as
Agag was one of the titles of the Amalekite kings. He or his parents were
brought to Persia as captives taken in war. He was hanged on the gallows which
he had erected for Mordecai the Jew (Esther 7:10). (See ESTHER.)
Hamath - fortress, the capital of one of the kingdoms
of Upper Syria of the same name, on the Orontes, in the valley of Lebanon, at
the northern boundary of Palestine (Num. 13:21; 34:8), at the foot of Hermon
(Josh. 13:5) towards Damascus (Zech. 9:2; Jer. 49:23). It is called "Hamath the
great" in Amos 6:2, and "Hamath-zobah" in 2 Chr. 8:3.
Hamath, now Hamah, had an Aramaean population, but Hittite monuments
discovered there show that it must have been at one time occupied by the
Hittites. It was among the conquests of the Pharaoh Thothmes III. Its king, Tou
or Toi, made alliance with David (2 Sam. 8:10), and in B.C. 740 Azariah formed a
league with it against Assyria. It was, however, conquered by the Assyrians, and
its nineteen districts placed under Assyrian governors. In B.C. 720 it revolted
under a certain Yahu-bihdi, whose name, compounded with that of the God of
Israel (Yahu), perhaps shows that he was of Jewish origin. But the revolt was
suppressed, and the people of Hamath were transported to Samaria (2 Kings 17:24,
30), where they continued to worship their god Ashima. Hamah is beautifully
situated on the Orontes, 32 miles north of Emesa, and 36 south of the ruins of
Assamea.
The kingdom of Hamath comprehended the great plain lying on both banks of the
Orontes from the fountain near Riblah to Assamea on the north, and from Lebanon
on the west to the desert on the east. The "entrance of Hamath" (Num. 34:8),
which was the north boundary of Palestine, led from the west between the north
end of Lebanon and the Nusairiyeh mountains.
Hamath-zobah - fortress of Zobah, (2 Chr. 8:3) is
supposed by some to be a different place from the foregoing; but this is quite
uncertain.
Hammath - warm springs, one of the "fenced cities" of
Naphtali (Josh. 19:35). It is identified with the warm baths (the heat of the
water ranging from 136 degrees to 144 degrees) still found on the shore a little
to the south of Tiberias under the name of Hummam Tabariyeh ("Bath of
Tiberias").
Hammedatha - father of Haman, designated usually "the
Agagite" (Esther 3:1, 10; 8:5).
Hammelech - the king's, the father of Jerahmeel,
mentioned in Jer. 36:26. Some take this word as a common noun, "the king", and
understand that Jerahmeel was Jehoiakim's son. Probably, however, it is to be
taken as a proper name.
Hammer - (1.) Heb. pattish, used by gold-beaters
(Isa. 41:7) and by quarry-men (Jer. 23:29). Metaphorically of Babylon (Jer.
50:23) or Nebuchadnezzar.
(2.) Heb. makabah, a stone-cutter's mallet (1 Kings 6:7), or of any workman
(Judg. 4:21; Isa. 44:12).
(3.) Heb. halmuth, a poetical word for a workman's hammer, found only in
Judg. 5:26, where it denotes the mallet with which the pins of the tent of the
nomad are driven into the ground.
(4.) Heb. mappets, rendered "battle-axe" in Jer. 51:20. This was properly a
"mace," which is thus described by Rawlinson: "The Assyrian mace was a short,
thin weapon, and must either have been made of a very tough wood or (and this is
more probable) of metal. It had an ornamented head, which was sometimes very
beautifully modelled, and generally a strap or string at the lower end by which
it could be grasped with greater firmness."
Hammoleketh - the queen, the daughter of Machir and
sister of Gilead (1 Chr. 7:17, 18). Abiezer was one of her three children.
Hammon - warm springs. (1.) A town in the tribe of
Asher, near Zidon (Josh. 19:28), identified with 'Ain Hamul.
(2.) A Levitical city of Naphtali (1 Chr. 6:76).
Hammoth-dor - warm springs, a Levitical city of
Naphtali (Josh. 21:32); probably Hammath in 19:35.
Hamon - See BAAL-HAMON ¯T0000390.
Hamonah - multitude, a name figuratively assigned to
the place in which the slaughter and burial of the forces of Gog were to take
place (Ezek. 39:16).
Hamon-gog - multitude of Gog, the name of the valley
in which the slaughtered forces of Gog are to be buried (Ezek. 39:11,15), "the
valley of the passengers on the east of the sea."
Hamor - he-ass, a Hivite from whom Jacob purchased
the plot of ground in which Joseph was afterwards buried (Gen. 33:19). He is
called "Emmor" in Acts 7:16. His son Shechem founded the city of that name which
Simeon and Levi destroyed because of his crime in the matter of Dinah, Jacob's
daughter (Gen. 34:20). Hamor and Shechem were also slain (ver. 26).
Hamul - spared, one of the sons of Pharez, son of
Judah (1 Chr. 2:5). His descendants are called Hamulites (Num. 26:21).
Hamutal - kinsman of the dew, the daughter of
Jeremiah of Libnah, wife of king Josiah, and mother of king Jehoahaz (2 Kings
23:31), also of king Zedekiah (2 Kings 24:18).
Hanameel - whom God has graciously given, the cousin
of Jeremiah, to whom he sold the field he possessed in Anathoth, before the
siege of Jerusalem (Jer. 32:6-12).
Hanan - merciful. (1.) A Benjamite (1 Chr. 8:23).
(2.) One of David's heroes (1 Chr. 11:43). (3.) Jer. 35:4. (4.) A descendant of
Saul (1 Chr. 8:38). (5.) One of the Nethinim (Ezra 2:46). (6.) One of the
Levites who assisted Ezra (Neh. 8:7). (7.) One of the chiefs who subscribed the
covenant (Neh. 10:22).
Hananeel - God has graciously given, a tower in the
wall of Jerusalem (Neh. 3:1; 12:39). It is mentioned also in Jer. 31:38; Zech.
14:10.
Hanani - God has gratified me, or is gracious. (1.)
One of the sons of Heman (1 Chr. 25:4, 25). (2.) A prophet who was sent to
rebuke king Asa for entering into a league with Benhadad I., king of Syria,
against Judah (2 Chr. 16:1-10). He was probably the father of the prophet Jehu
(1 Kings 16:7). (3.) Probably a brother of Nehemiah (Neh. 1:2; 7:2), who
reported to him the melancholy condition of Jerusalem. Nehemiah afterwards
appointed him to have charge of the city gates.
Hananiah - Jehovah has given. (1.) A chief of the
tribe of Benjamin (1 Chr. 8:24). (2.) One of the sons of Heman (1 Chr. 25:4,23).
(3.) One of Uzziah's military officers (2 Chr. 26:11). (4.) Grandfather of the
captain who arrested Jeremiah (Jer. 37:13). (5.) Jer. 36:12. (6.) Neh. 10:23.
(7.) Shadrach, one of the "three Hebrew children" (Dan. 1; 6:7). (8.) Son of
Zerubbabel (1 Chr. 3:19, 21). (9.) Ezra 10:28. (10.) The "ruler of the palace;
he was a faithful man, and feared God above many" (Neh. 7:2). (11.) Neh. 3:8.
(12.) Neh. 3:30 (13.) A priest, son of Jeremiah (Neh. 12:12). (14.) A false
prophet contemporary with Jeremiah (28:3, 17).
Hand - Called by Galen "the instrument of
instruments." It is the symbol of human action (Ps. 9:16; Job 9:30; Isa. 1:15; 1
Tim. 2:8). Washing the hands was a symbol of innocence (Ps. 26:6; 73:13; Matt.
27:24), also of sanctification (1 Cor. 6:11; Isa. 51:16; Ps. 24:3, 4). In Ps.
77:2 the correct rendering is, as in the Revised Version, "My hand was stretched
out," etc., instead of, as in the Authorized Version, "My sore ran in the
night," etc.
The right hand denoted the south, and the left the north (Job 23:9; 1 Sam.
23:19). To give the right hand was a pledge of fidelity (2 Kings 10:15; Ezra
10:19); also of submission to the victors (Ezek. 17:18; Jer. 50:15). The right
hand was lifted up in taking an oath (Gen. 14:22, etc.). The hand is frequently
mentioned, particularly the right hand, as a symbol of power and strength (Ps.
60:5; Isa. 28:2). To kiss the hand is an act of homage (1 Kings 19:18; Job
31:27), and to pour water on one's hands is to serve him (2 Kings 3:11). The
hand of God is the symbol of his power: its being upon one denotes favour (Ezra
7:6, 28; Isa. 1:25; Luke 1:66, etc.) or punishment (Ex. 9:3; Judg. 2:15; Acts
13:11, etc.). A position at the right hand was regarded as the chief place of
honour and power (Ps. 45:9; 80:17; 110:1; Matt. 26:64).
Handbreadth - a measure of four fingers, equal to
about four inches (Ex. 25:25; 37:12; Ps. 39:5, etc.).
Handkerchief - Only once in Authorized Version (Acts
19:12). The Greek word (sudarion) so rendered means properly "a sweat-cloth." It
is rendered "napkin" in John 11:44; 20:7; Luke 19:20.
Handmaid - servant (Gen. 16:1; Ruth 3:9; Luke 1:48).
It is probable that Hagar was Sarah's personal attendant while she was in the
house of Pharaoh, and was among those maid-servants whom Abram had brought from
Egypt.
Handwriting - (Col. 2:14). The "blotting out the
handwriting" is the removal by the grace of the gospel of the condemnation of
the law which we had broken.
Hanes - a place in Egypt mentioned only in Isa. 30:4
in connection with a reproof given to the Jews for trusting in Egypt. It was
considered the same as Tahpanhes, a fortified town on the eastern frontier, but
has been also identified as Ahnas-el-Medeeneh, 70 miles from Cairo.
Hanging - (as a punishment), a mark of infamy
inflicted on the dead bodies of criminals (Deut. 21:23) rather than our modern
mode of punishment. Criminals were first strangled and then hanged (Nu. 25:4;
Deut. 21:22). (See 2 Sam. 21:6 for the practice of the Gibeonites.)
Hanging (as a curtain). (1.) Heb. masak, (a) before the entrance to the court
of the tabernacle (Ex. 35:17); (b) before the door of the tabernacle (26:36,
37); (c) before the entrance to the most holy place, called "the veil of the
covering" (35:12; 39:34), as the word properly means.
(2.) Heb. kelaim, tapestry covering the walls of the tabernacle (Ex. 27:9;
35:17; Num. 3:26) to the half of the height of the wall (Ex. 27:18; comp.
26:16). These hangings were fastened to pillars.
(3.) Heb. bottim (2 Kings 23:7), "hangings for the grove" (R.V., "for the
Asherah"); marg., instead of "hangings," has "tents" or "houses." Such curtained
structures for idolatrous worship are also alluded to in Ezek. 16:16.
Hannah - favour, grace, one of the wives of Elkanah
the Levite, and the mother of Samuel (1 Sam. 1; 2). Her home was at
Ramathaim-zophim, whence she was wont every year to go to Shiloh, where the
tabernacle had been pitched by Joshua, to attend the offering of sacrifices
there according to the law (Ex. 23:15; 34:18; Deut. 16:16), probably at the
feast of the Passover (comp. Ex. 13:10). On occasion of one of these "yearly"
visits, being grieved by reason of Peninnah's conduct toward her, she went forth
alone, and kneeling before the Lord at the sanctuary she prayed inaudibly. Eli
the high priest, who sat at the entrance to the holy place, observed her, and
misunderstanding her character he harshly condemned her conduct (1 Sam.
1:14-16). After hearing her explanation he retracted his injurious charge and
said to her, "Go in peace: and the God of Israel grant thee thy petition."
Perhaps the story of the wife of Manoah was not unknown to her. Thereafter
Elkanah and his family retired to their quiet home, and there, before another
Passover, Hannah gave birth to a son, whom, in grateful memory of the Lord's
goodness, she called Samuel, i.e., "heard of God." After the child was weaned
(probably in his third year) she brought him to Shiloh into the house of the
Lord, and said to Eli the aged priest, "Oh my lord, I am the woman that stood by
thee here, praying unto the Lord. For this child I prayed; and the Lord hath
given me my petition which I asked of him: therefore I also have granted him to
the Lord; as long as he liveth he is granted to the Lord" (1 Sam. 1:27, 28,
R.V.). Her gladness of heart then found vent in that remarkable prophetic song
(2:1-10; comp. Luke 1:46-55) which contains the first designation of the Messiah
under that name (1 Sam. 2:10, "Annointed" = "Messiah"). And so Samuel and his
parents parted. He was left at Shiloh to minister "before the Lord." And each
year, when they came up to Shiloh, Hannah brought to her absent child "a little
coat" (Heb. meil, a term used to denote the "robe" of the ephod worn by the high
priest, Ex. 28:31), a priestly robe, a long upper tunic (1 Chr. 15:27), in which
to minister in the tabernacle (1 Sam. 2:19; 15:27; Job 2:12). "And the child
Samuel grew before the Lord." After Samuel, Hannah had three sons and two
daughters.
Hanniel - grace of God. (1.) A chief of the tribe of
Manasseh (Num. 34:23). (2.) A chief of the tribe of Asher (1 Chr. 7:39).
Hanun - graciously given. (1.) The son and successor
of Nahash, king of Moab. David's messengers, sent on an embassy of condolence to
him to Rabbah Ammon, his capital, were so grossly insulted that he proclaimed
war against Hanun. David's army, under the command of Joab, forthwith crossed
the Jordan, and gained a complete victory over the Moabites and their allies (2
Sam. 10:1-14) at Medeba (q.v.).
(2.) Neh. 3:13. (3.) 3:30.
Hara - mountainous land, a province of Assyria (1
Chr. 5:26), between the Tigris and the Euphrates, along the banks of the Khabur,
to which some of the Israelite captives were carried. It has not been
identified. Some think the word a variation of Haran.
Haradah - fright; fear, the twenty-fifth station of
the Israelites in their wanderings (Num. 33:24).
Haran - (1.) Heb. haran; i.e., "mountaineer." The
eldest son of Terah, brother of Abraham and Nahor, and father of Lot, Milcah,
and Iscah. He died before his father (Gen. 11:27), in Ur of the Chaldees.
(2.) Heb. haran, i.e., "parched;" or probably from the Accadian charana,
meaning "a road." A celebrated city of Western Asia, now Harran, where Abram
remained, after he left Ur of the Chaldees, till his father Terah died (Gen.
11:31, 32), when he continued his journey into the land of Canaan. It is called
"Charran" in the LXX. and in Acts 7:2. It is called the "city of Nahor" (Gen.
24:10), and Jacob resided here with Laban (30:43). It stood on the river Belik,
an affluent of the Euphrates, about 70 miles above where it joins that river in
Upper Mesopotamia or Padan-aram, and about 600 miles northwest of Ur in a direct
line. It was on the caravan route between the east and west. It is afterwards
mentioned among the towns taken by the king of Assyria (2 Kings 19:12; Isa.
37:12). It was known to the Greeks and Romans under the name Carrhae.
(3.) The son of Caleb of Judah (1 Chr. 2:46) by his concubine Ephah.
Harbona - (a Persian word meaning "ass-driver"), one
of the seven eunuchs or chamberlains of king Ahasuerus (Esther 1:10; 7:9).
Hare - (Heb. 'arnebeth) was prohibited as food
according to the Mosaic law (Lev. 11:6; Deut. 14:7), "because he cheweth the
cud, but divideth not the hoof." The habit of this animal is to grind its teeth
and move its jaw as if it actually chewed the cud. But, like the cony (q.v.), it
is not a ruminant with four stomachs, but a rodent like the squirrel, rat, etc.
Moses speaks of it according to appearance. It is interdicted because, though
apparently chewing the cud, it did not divide the hoof.
There are two species in Syria, (1) the Lepus Syriacus or Syrian hare, which
is like the English hare; and (2) the Lepus Sinaiticus, or hare of the desert.
No rabbits are found in Syria.
Hareth - thicket, a wood in the mountains of Judah
where David hid when pursued by Saul (1 Sam. 22:5). It was possibly while he was
here that the memorable incident narrated in 2 Sam. 23:14-17, 1 Chr. 11:16-19
occurred. This place has not been identified, but perhaps it may be the modern
Kharas, on the borders of the chain of mountains some 3 miles east of Keilah.
Harhaiah - zeal of Jehovah, (Neh. 3:8) "of the
goldsmiths," one whose son helped to repair the wall of Jerusalem.
Harhur - fever, one of the Nethinim (Ezra 2:51).
Harim - flat-nosed. (1.) The head of the second
course of priests (1 Chr. 24:8). (2.) Ezra 2:32, 39; Neh. 7:35, 42. (3.) Neh.
3:11. (4.) 12:3. (5.) 10:5
Hariph - autumnal rain. (1.) Neh. 7:24. (2.) 10:19.
Harlot - (1.) Heb. zonah (Gen. 34:31; 38:15). In
verses 21, 22 the Hebrew word used in kedeshah, i.e., a woman consecrated
or devoted to prostitution in connection with the abominable worship of Asherah
or Astarte, the Syrian Venus. This word is also used in Deut. 23:17; Hos. 4:14.
Thus Tamar sat by the wayside as a consecrated kedeshah.
It has been attempted to show that Rahab, usually called a "harlot" (Josh.
2:1; 6:17; Heb. 11:31; James 2:25), was only an innkeeper. This interpretation,
however, cannot be maintained.
Jephthah's mother is called a "strange woman" (Judg. 11:2). This, however,
merely denotes that she was of foreign extraction.
In the time of Solomon harlots appeared openly in the streets, and he
solemnly warns against association with them (Prov. 7:12; 9:14. See also Jer.
3:2; Ezek. 16:24, 25, 31). The Revised Version, following the LXX., has "and the
harlots washed," etc., instead of the rendering of the Authorized Version, "now
they washed," of 1 Kings 22:38.
To commit fornication is metaphorically used for to practice idolatry (Jer.
3:1; Ezek. 16:15; Hos. throughout); hence Jerusalem is spoken of as a harlot
(Isa. 1:21).
(2.) Heb. nokriyah, the "strange woman" (1 Kings 11:1; Prov. 5:20; 7:5;
23:27). Those so designated were Canaanites and other Gentiles (Josh. 23:13). To
the same class belonged the "foolish", i.e., the sinful, "woman."
In the New Testament the Greek pornai, plural, "harlots," occurs in Matt.
21:31,32, where they are classed with publicans; Luke 15:30; 1 Cor. 6:15,16;
Heb. 11:31; James 2:25. It is used symbolically in Rev. 17:1, 5, 15, 16; 19:2.
Harnepher - a chief of the tribe of Asher (1 Chr.
7:36).
Harness - (1.) Heb. 'asar, "to bind;" hence the act
of fastening animals to a cart (1 Sam. 6:7, 10; Jer. 46:4, etc.).
(2.) An Old English word for "armour;" Heb. neshek (2 Chr. 9:24).
(3.) Heb. shiryan, a coat of mail (1 Kings 22:34; 2 Chr. 18:33; rendered
"breastplate" in Isa. 59:17).
(4.) The children of Israel passed out of Egypt "harnessed" (Ex. 13:18),
i.e., in an orderly manner, and as if to meet a foe. The word so rendered is
probably a derivative from Hebrew hamesh (i.e., "five"), and may denote
that they went up in five divisions, viz., the van, centre, two wings, and
rear-guard.
Harod - palpitation, a fountain near which Gideon and
his army encamped on the morning of the day when they encountered and routed the
Midianites (Judg. 7). It was south of the hill Moreh. The present 'Ain Jalud
("Goliath's Fountain"), south of Jezreel and nearly opposite Shunem, is probably
the fountain here referred to (7:4, 5).
Harodite - an epithet applied to two of David's
heroes (2 Sam. 23:25). (Comp. 1 Chr. 11:27.)
Harosheth of the Gentiles - (Judg. 4:2) or nations, a
city near Hazor in Galilee of the Gentiles, or Upper Galilee, in the north of
Palestine. It was here that Jabin's great army was marshalled before it went
forth into the great battlefield of Esdraelon to encounter the army of Israel,
by which it was routed and put to flight (Judg. 4). It was situated "at the
entrance of the pass to Esdraelon from the plain of Acre" at the base of Carmel.
The name in the Hebrew is Harosheth ha Gojim, i.e., "the smithy of the
nations;" probably, as is supposed, so called because here Jabin's iron
war-chariots, armed with scythes, were made. It is identified with
el-Harithiyeh.
Harp - (Heb. kinnor), the national instrument of the
Hebrews. It was invented by Jubal (Gen. 4:21). Some think the word kinnor
denotes the whole class of stringed instruments. It was used as an accompaniment
to songs of cheerfulness as well as of praise to God (Gen. 31:27; 1 Sam. 16:23;
2 Chr. 20:28; Ps. 33:2; 137:2).
In Solomon's time harps were made of almug-trees (1 Kings 10:11, 12). In 1
Chr. 15:21 mention is made of "harps on the Sheminith;" Revised Version, "harps
set to the Sheminith;" better perhaps "harps of eight strings." The soothing
effect of the music of the harp is referred to 1 Sam. 16:16, 23; 18:10; 19:9.
The church in heaven is represented as celebrating the triumphs of the Redeemer
"harping with their harps" (Rev. 14:2).
Harrow - (Heb. harits), a tribulum or sharp threshing
sledge; a frame armed on the under side with rollers or sharp spikes (2 Sam.
12:31; 1 Chr. 20:3).
Heb. verb sadad, to harrow a field, break its clods (Job 39:10; Isa.
28:4; Hos. 10: 11). Its form is unknown. It may have resembled the instrument
still in use in Egypt.
Harsha - worker or enchanter, one of the Nethinim
(Ezra 2:52; Neh. 7:54).
Hart - (Heb. 'ayal), a stag or male deer. It is
ranked among the clean animals (Deut. 12:15; 14:5; 15:22), and was commonly
killed for food (1 Kings 4:23). The hart is frequently alluded to in the
poetical and prophetical books (Isa. 35:6; Cant. 2:8, 9; Lam. 1:6; Ps. 42:1).
Harum - elevated, (1 Chr. 4:8), a descendant of
Judah.
Haruphite - a native of Hariph; an epithet given to
Shephatiah, one of those who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chr. 12:5).
Haruz - eager, the father of Meshullemeth, the wife
of king Manasseh (2 Kings 21:19) and mother of king Amon.
Harvest - the season for gathering grain or fruit. On
the 16th day of Abib (or April) a handful of ripe ears of corn was offered as a
first-fruit before the Lord, and immediately after this the harvest commenced
(Lev. 23:9-14; 2 Sam. 21:9, 10; Ruth 2:23). It began with the feast of Passover
and ended with Pentecost, thus lasting for seven weeks (Ex. 23:16). The harvest
was a season of joy (Ps. 126:1-6; Isa. 9:3). This word is used figuratively
Matt. 9:37; 13:30; Luke 10:2; John 4:35. (See AGRICULTURE.)
Hasadiah - favoured by Jehovah, one of the sons of
Pedaiah (1 Chr. 3:20), of the royal line of David.
Hasenuah - bristling or hated, a Benjamite (1 Chr.
9:7).
Hashabiah - regarded by Jehovah. (1.) Merarite Levite
(1 Chr. 6:45; 9:14). (2.) A son of Jeduthun (25:3, 19). (3.) Son of Kemuel
(26:30). (4.) One of the chief Levites (2 Chr. 35:9). (5.) A Levite (Neh.
11:22). (6.) One of the chief priests in the time of Ezra (Ezra 8:24). (7.) A
chief of the Levites (Neh. 12:24). (8.) Ezra 8:19. (9.) Neh. 3:17.
Hashabniah - (1.) Neh. 3:10. (2.) One of the Levites
whom Ezra appointed to interpret the law to the people (Neh. 9:5).
Hashbadana - consideration in judging, stood at
Ezra's left hand when he read the law (Neh. 8:4).
Hashmonah - fatness, the thirtieth halting-place of
the Israelites during their wanderings in the wilderness, not far from Mount Hor
(Num. 33:29, 30).
Hashub - intelligent. (1.) A Levite of the family of
Merari (Neh. 11:15; 1 Chr. 9:14). (2.) Neh. 3:23. 3:11.
Hashubah - ibid., a descendant of David (1 Chr.
3:20).
Hashum - opulent. (1.) Ezra 2:19; Neh. 7:22. (2.)
Stood on Ezra's left hand while he read the law (Neh. 8:4).
Hasrah - poverty, "keeper of the wardrobe," i.e., of
the sacerdotal vestments (2 Chr. 34:22); called Harhas 2 Kings 22:14. He was
husband of the prophetess Huldah.
Hasupha - uncovered, one of the Nethinim (Ezra 2:43;
Neh. 7:46).
Hat - Chald. karb'ela, (Dan. 3:21), properly mantle
or pallium. The Revised Version renders it "tunic."
Hatach - verity, one of the eunuchs or chamberlains
in the palace of Ahasuerus (Esther 4:5, 6, 9, 10).
Hathath - terror, son of Othniel (1 Chr. 4:13).
Hatipha - captured, one of the Nethinim (Ezra 2:54).
Hatita - exploration, one of the temple porters or
janitors (Ezra 2:42). He returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel.
Hatred - among the works of the flesh (Gal. 5:20).
Altogether different is the meaning of the word in Deut. 21:15; Matt. 6:24; Luke
14:26; Rom. 9:13, where it denotes only a less degree of love.
Hattush - assembled. (1.) A priest who returned with
Zerubbabel (Neh. 12:2). (2.) Ezra 8:2. (3.) Neh. 3:10. (4.) Neh. 10:4. (5.) 1
Chr. 3:22.
Hauran - cave-land, mentioned only in Ezek. 47:16,
18. It was one of the ancient divisions of Bashan (q.v.), and lay on the
south-east of Gaulanitis or the Jaulan, and on the south of Lejah, extending
from the Arnon to the Hieromax. It was the most fertile region in Syria, and to
this day abounds in the ruins of towns, many of which have stone doors and
massive walls. It retains its ancient name. It was known by the Greeks and
Romans as "Auranitis."
Haven - a harbour (Ps. 107:30; Acts 27: 12). The most
famous on the coast of Palestine was that of Tyre (Ezek. 27:3). That of Crete,
called "Fair Havens," is mentioned Acts 27:8.
Havilah - the sand region. (1.) A land mentioned in
Gen. 2:11 rich in gold and bdellium and onyx stone. The question as to the
locality of this region has given rise to a great diversity of opinion. It may
perhaps be identified with the sandy tract which skirts Babylonia along the
whole of its western border, stretching from the lower Euphrates to the
mountains of Edom.
(2.) A district in Arabia-Felix. It is uncertain whether the tribe gave its
name to this region or derived its name from it, and whether it was originally a
Cushite (Gen. 10:7) or a Joktanite tribe (10:29; comp. 25:18), or whether there
were both a Cushite and a Joktanite Havilah. It is the opinion of Kalisch,
however, that Havilah "in both instances designates the same country, extending
at least from the Persian to the Arabian Gulf, and on account of its vast extent
easily divided into two distinct parts." This opinion may be well vindicated.
(3.) One of the sons of Cush (Gen. 10:7).
(4.) A son of Joktan (Gen. 10:29; 1 Chr. 1:23).
Havoth-jair - hamlets of the enlightener a district
in the east of Jordan. (1.) Jair, the son of Manasseh, took some villages of
Gilead and called them by this name (Num. 32:41).
(2.) Again, it is said that Jair "took all the tract of Argob," and called it
Bashanhavoth-jair (Deut. 3:14). (See also Josh. 13:30; 1 Kings 4:13; 1 Chr.
2:22, 23.)
Hawk - (Heb. netz, a word expressive of strong and
rapid flight, and hence appropriate to the hawk). It is an unclean bird (Lev.
11:16; Deut. 14:15). It is common in Syria and surrounding countries. The Hebrew
word includes various species of Falconidae, with special reference perhaps to
the kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), the hobby (Hypotriorchis subbuteo), and the
lesser kestrel (Tin, Cenchris). The kestrel remains all the year in Palestine,
but some ten or twelve other species are all migrants from the south. Of those
summer visitors to Palestine special mention may be made of the Falco sacer and
the Falco lanarius. (See NIGHT-HAWK ¯T0002729.)
Hay - properly so called, was not in use among the
Hebrews; straw was used instead. They cut the grass green as it was needed. The
word rendered "hay" in Prov. 27:25 means the first shoots of the grass. In Isa.
15:6 the Revised Version has correctly "grass," where the Authorized Version has
"hay."
Hazael - whom God beholds, an officer of Ben-hadad
II., king of Syria, who ultimately came to the throne, according to the word of
the Lord to Elijah (1 Kings 19:15), after he had put the king to death (2 Kings
8:15). His interview with Elisha is mentioned in 2 Kings 8. The Assyrians soon
after his accession to the throne came against him and defeated him with very
great loss; and three years afterwards again invaded Syria, but on this occasion
Hazael submitted to them. He then turned his arms against Israel, and ravaged
"all the land of Gilead," etc. (2 Kings 10:33), which he held in a degree of
subjection to him (13:3-7, 22). He aimed at the subjugation also of the kingdom
of Judah, when Joash obtained peace by giving him "all the gold that was found
in the treasures of the house of the Lord, and in the king's house" (2 Kings
12:18; 2 Chr. 24:24). He reigned about forty-six years (B.C.886-840), and was
succeeded on the throne by his son Ben-hadad (2 Kings 13:22-25), who on several
occasions was defeated by Jehoash, the king of Israel, and compelled to restore
all the land of Israel his father had taken.
Hazar-addar - village of Addar, a place in the
southern boundary of Palestine (Num. 34:4), in the desert to the west of
Kadesh-barnea. It is called Adar in Josh. 15:3.
Hazar-enan - village of fountains, a place on the
north-east frontier of Palestine (Num. 34:9, 10). Some have identified it with
Ayan ed-Dara in the heart of the central chain of Anti-Libanus. More probably,
however, it has been identified with Kuryetein, about 60 miles east-north-east
of Damascus. (Comp. Ezek. 47:17; 48:1.)
Hazar-gaddah - village of fortune, a city on the
south border of Judah (Josh. 15:27), midway between the Mediterranean and the
Dead Sea.
Hazar-hatticon - village of the midway, a place near
Hamath in the confines of Hauran (Ezek. 47:16), probably on the north brow of
Hermon.
Hazar-maveth - court of death, the third son of
Joktan, and a region in Arabia-Felix settled by him (Gen. 10:26; 1 Chr. 1:20).
It is probably the modern province of Hadramaut, situated on the Indian Ocean
east of the modern Yemen.
Hazar-shual - village or enclosure of the jackal, a
city on the south border of Judah (Josh. 15:28; Neh. 11:27). It has been
identified with the ruins of Saweh, half-way between Beersheba and Moladah.
Hazar-susah - village of the horse, the same as
Sansannah, one of Solomon's "chariot cities" (Josh. 15:31; 2 Chr. 1:14), a depot
in the south border of Judah.
Hazel - Heb. luz, (Gen. 30:37), a nutbearing tree.
The Hebrew word is rendered in the Vulgate by amygdalinus, "the almond-tree,"
which is probably correct. That tree flourishes in Syria.
Hazerim - villages, probably the name of the
temporary villages in which the nomad Avites resided (Deut. 2:23).
Hazeroth - fenced enclosures consisting of "a low
wall of stones in which thick bundles of thorny acacia are inserted, the tangled
branches and long needle-like spikes forming a perfectly impenetrable hedge
around the encampment" of tents and cattle which they sheltered. Such like
enclosures abound in the wilderness of Paran, which the Israelites entered after
leaving Sinai (Num. 11:35; 12:16; 33:17, 18). This third encampment of the
Israelites has been identified with the modern 'Ain el-Hudhera, some 40 miles
north-east of Sinai. Here Miriam (q.v.), being displeased that Moses had married
a Cushite wife (Num. 12:1), induced Aaron to join with her in rebelling against
Moses. God vindicated the authority of his "servant Moses," and Miriam was
smitten with leprosy. Moses interceded for her, and she was healed (Num.
12:4-16). From this encampment the Israelites marched northward across the
plateau of et-Tih, and at length reached KADESH.
Hazezon-tamar - pruning of the palm, the original
name of the place afterwards called ENGEDI (q.v.), Gen. 14:7; called also
HAZAZON-TAMAR (2 Chr. 20:2).
Hazo - vision, one of the sons of Nahor (Gen. 22:22).
Hazor - enclosed; fortified. (1.) A stronghold of the
Canaanites in the mountains north of Lake Merom (Josh. 11:1-5). Jabin the king
with his allied tribes here encountered Joshua in a great battle. Joshua gained
a signal victory, which virtually completed his conquest of Canaan (11:10-13).
This city was, however, afterwards rebuilt by the Canaanites, and was ruled by a
king with the same hereditary name of Jabin. His army, under a noted leader of
the name of Sisera, swept down upon the south, aiming at the complete
subjugation of the country. This powerful army was met by the Israelites under
Barak, who went forth by the advice of the prophetess Deborah. The result was
one of the most remarkable victories for Israel recorded in the Old Testament
(Josh. 19:36; Judg. 4:2; 1 Sam. 12:9). The city of Hazor was taken and occupied
by the Israelites. It was fortified by Solomon to defend the entrance into the
kingdom from Syria and Assyria. When Tiglath-pileser, the Assyrian king, invaded
the land, this was one of the first cities he captured, carrying its inhabitants
captive into Assyria (2 Kings 15:29). It has been identified with Khurbet
Harrah, 2 1/2 miles south-east of Kedesh.
(2.) A city in the south of Judah (Josh. 15:23). The name here should
probably be connected with the word following, Ithnan, HAZOR-ITHNAN instead of
"Hazor and Ithnan."
(3.) A district in Arabia (Jer. 49:28-33), supposed by some to be Jetor,
i.e., Ituraea.
(4.) "Kerioth and Hezron" (Josh. 15: 25) should be "Kerioth-hezron" (as in
the R.V.), the two names being joined together as the name of one place (e.g.,
like Kirjath-jearim), "the same is Hazor" (R.V.). This place has been identified
with el-Kuryetein, and has been supposed to be the home of Judas Iscariot. (See
KERIOTH.)
Hazor-hadattah - New Hazor, a city in the south of
Judah (Josh. 15:25). It is probably identified with the ruins of el-Hazzarah,
near Beit Jebrin.
Head-bands - (Heb. kishshurim), properly girdles or
belts for the waist (Isa. 3:20, R.V., "sashes;" Jer. 2:32, rendered "attire",
i.e., a girdle round the waist).
Head-dress - Not in common use among the Hebrews. It
is first mentioned in Ex. 28:40 (A.V., "bonnets;" R.V., "head-tires"). It was
used especially for purposes of ornament (Job 29:14; Isa. 3:23; 62:3). The
Hebrew word here used, tsaniph, properly means a turban, folds of linen
wound round the head. The Hebrew word peer, used in Isa. 61:3, there
rendered "beauty" (A.V.) and "garland" (R.V.), is a head-dress or turban worn by
females (Isa. 3: 20, "bonnets"), priests (Ex. 39:28), a bridegroom (Isa. 61:10,
"ornament;" R.V., "garland"). Ezek. 16:10 and Jonah 2:5 are to be understood of
the turban wrapped round the head. The Hebrew shebisim (Isa. 3:18), in
the Authorized Version rendered "cauls," and marg. "networks," denotes probably
a kind of netted head-dress. The "horn" (Heb. keren) mentioned in 1 Sam. 2:1 is
the head-dress called by the Druses of Mount Lebanon the tantura.