A Rebuttal To The “Worldwide News” Article
By Mr. Ralph Orr Entitled
“United States And Britain In Prophecy”
by Steven M. Collins
T |
he December 19, 1995, issue of The
Worldwide News contained an article by Mr. Ralph Orr on the subject of the “United
States and Britain in Prophecy.” That article rejected a long-standing belief
of the Worldwide Church of God that the people of the United States of America
and Great Britain are primarily descended from the Israelite Tribes of Manasseh
and Ephraim. The errors in that article demand a scholarly response.
Mr. Orr’s article raises some
legitimate issues which deserve detailed answers; however, it also contains
arguments which are misleading and/or inaccurate. Mr. Orr’s article opens with
a “red herring”: an attempt to equate Anglo-Israelism with racism. He states:
“The scriptures proclaim a grace-based, not a race-based message.” I quite
agree. However, the “old” WCG, and its major offshoots, never included
“Anglo-Israelism” in any race-based message of salvation. I can recall no instance in which the
Worldwide Church of God (WCG), or its offshoots, proclaimed that “you had to be
an Israelite to be saved,” which is what Mr. Orr’s statement implies.
The “old” WCG had large
international ministries to reach people in nations which were regarded as
non-Israelite. There were extensive efforts to preach God’s Word to
Spanish-speaking nations in Latin America, the Philippines, etc., and many
black brethren were welcomed into the Churches of God (non-Israelite racial
origin was no barrier to Church membership). Furthermore, the WCG (and its
major offshoots) have never been criticized as “anti-Semitic” (i.e.,
anti-Jewish). Indeed, we have identified Jews as the modern “House of Judah,”
and have sought positive relationships with members of the Jewish faith.
Mr. Orr’s article mistakenly
implies that any attempt to understand the Biblical origins of modern nations
is racist. The whole purpose of the WCG’s effort to identify the origins of
modern nations, was for purposes of understanding Biblical prophecies! Since
the Bible identifies nations by their Biblical names (i.e., “Israel,” “Judah,”
“Assyria,” etc.), one must first identify which modern nations are descended
from these ancient nations, in order to apply ancient prophecies to the modern
world. There was (and is) nothing “racist” about this effort.
Mr. Orr also states that “some came
to believe our message was race-based, not grace-based,” and that “some found
the Anglo-Israel belief in The United States and British Commonwealth in
Prophecy as excuse enough, not to repent of racism.” He cites no specific examples to support
these statements, and (based on the WCG’s inclusion of all races into its
membership) it is apparent that anyone reacting in the manner ascribed by Mr.
Orr was simply not paying careful attention to the Church’s message. Let’s
examine some facts about Anglo-Israelism.
In the late nineteenth century,
many in Great Britain recognized that the prophecies about Ephraim had come to
pass in the blessings given to the British Empire. This belief
(“British-Israelism”) was even held by influential people. Col. J. C. Gawler,
Queen Victoria’s Keeper of the Crown Jewels, wrote two “British-Israel”
publications entitled, “Our Scythian Ancestors Identified with Israel,” and,
“Dan, the Pioneer of Israel.”l However, was British-Israelism
“racist” as Mr. Orr implies? Consider
this quote from one of their nineteenth century booklets entitled: “Jeshurun .
. . An Elementary Paper on our British Israelite Origin,” which stated:
“Opponents accuse us of vaunting
our Israelitish origin as a precious gift of salvation by inheritance. A great
error! The fact is, the study is only valuable to those who receive and
acknowledge the gift of Christ as the only Mediator through whom we
obtain salvation.”2 (Emphasis not added.)
That British-Israelite writer
shared Mr. Orr’s rejection of “race-based” messages of salvation. As this quote
indicates, the British-Israelites were horrified by the allegation that they
taught a “salvation by race” concept.
It is easy to misunderstand a message. Even the Apostle Paul’s teachings
had been so woefully misunderstood by some, that he issued a strong denial
that his message included a rejection of God’s Old Testament laws, Romans
3:31.
Anglo-Israelism was also present in
nineteenth century America. In 1857, a pastor named F. E. Pitts gave a two-day
presentation advocating Anglo-Israelism to a joint session of the U.S.
Congress! Can you imagine such an event occurring in modern, nihilistic America?
Ironically, Pastor Pitts was an antimonarchist who was hostile to Britain’s
royal family (as his messages make plain).3
Anglo-Israelism should be evaluated
strictly on its merits. In any discussion of whether the ten tribes of Israel
both exist and are identifiable in the modern world, we must first objectively
determine what the Bible (God’s Word) teaches on the subject. Many modern
Christians believe that we are living in the Biblical “latter days” which will
immediately precede the return of Jesus Christ. The “old” WCG (and its main
offshoots) shared this belief with many Protestant, evangelical denominations.
In Genesis 49, Jacob
(Israel) was inspired to prophesy that all the tribes of Israel would be
present among the nations on earth during the “latter days.” This prophecy
offers many clues to assist people in identifying Israelite nations in the
latter days (this infers God knew that by the time the latter days arrived, the
tribes of Israel would be “hidden” from world awareness, and such clues would
be needed). Based on very divergent prophecies about the traits and locations
of the latter-day tribes of Israel, it is clear the Bible is speaking of separate
nations (or ethnic groups). This is consistent with the prophecy in Ezekiel
37:15-28, that the “house of Judah” and the “house of Israel” (the
so-called “lost ten tribes”) would not be reunited until after the Messianic
kingdom is established (i.e., David is prophesied to be their joint king when
the dead are resurrected). These “latter day” prophecies make it clear that
while modern Jews can be the “house of Judah,” they cannot possibly include the
“house of Israel” during the latter days. Therefore, if we are guided by a
literal interpretation of the Bible, we must look for the ten tribes of Israel
among the non-Jewish nations of the world.
Many modern Christian denominations
unknowingly call God “a liar” when they teach that the “lost ten tribes” have
“died out,” or “can’t be identified,” because the Bible’s inspired prophecies
say otherwise! Also, the New Testament
affirmed the inspired nature of Old Testament prophecies. Jesus Christ’s
statement in Matthew 5:17, “Think not that I am come to destroy the law,
or the prophets,” affirms not only the Old Testament laws of God, but its
prophecies as well! Some regard Paul as a “liberal,” but he wrote in II
Timothy 3:16: “All scripture [including prophecies!] is given by
inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine. . . .” The Apostle Peter
added:
“We have also a more sure word of
prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed . . . no prophecy of the
scripture is of any private interpretation. For the prophecy came not in
old time by the will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by
the Holy Spirit,” II Peter 1:19-21.
It is vital to notice Paul and
Peter’s words: “all scripture” and “of the scripture.” They were speaking about
(and validating) the canonized Hebrew Scriptures with which they were familiar
(i.e., the “Old Testament”). Peter
specifically affirmed that the early Church accepted Old Testament prophecies
as divinely inspired! Therefore, we have established that in any discussion of
the ten tribes of Israel, the early New Testament Church accepted the Old
Testament prophecies about them as inspired and binding.
Mr. Orr’s article indicates that
the “new” WCG has “lost its faith” in the literal interpretation of the Bible.
This is a common view in many secular churches. If the WCG no longer accepts
the Bible as the infallible word of God, it should openly say so instead of
“picking and choosing” which parts of the Bible it accepts and which parts it
rejects.
Mr. Orr asserts “the New Testament
takes a strikingly different approach than that of Anglo-Israelism.” Really? We
have seen that Jesus Christ, Paul, and Peter, all affirmed the divinely
inspired content of all Old Testament prophecies (including those about
the tribes of Israel). There is no “strikingly different approach” in the New
Testament approach of Jesus Christ, Peter, or Paul, regarding prophecies about
the ten tribes, so Mr. Orr’s statement is either misleading or factually
incorrect. Is Mr. Orr repudiating Biblical prophecy, or is he still attacking
the false notion that “Anglo-Israelism is Racist”?
Mr. Orr does make a valid point
when he states: “when reading Anglo-Israelite literature, one notices that it
generally depends on folklore, legends, quasi-historical genealogies and
dubious etymologies.” I, too, have read Anglo-Israelite literature based on
this kind of weak evidence. Folklore and legends may actually come to a right
conclusion, but such evidence is admittedly too weak to convince either
scholars or skeptics on the subject. However, it must be realized that in the
nineteenth century, British-Israelite writers were governed by very different
literary conventions. Prior to the general acceptance of evolutionary mythology,
the Bible was held in such high esteem that if writers could find support for
their conclusions in the Bible, they felt no need for the support of documented
secular sources. Today, the situation is reversed: scholars do not accept
anything in the Bible unless it is supported by secular evidence.
Mr. Orr continues: “Rarely . . .
are the disciplines of archeology, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, or
historiography applied to Anglo-Israelism.” His point, while not completely
applicable to Anglo-Israelite literature, is true in some cases. However,
historical evidence for Anglo-Israelism does exist! British-Israelite publications in the nineteenth century
contained considerable hard evidence which was never included in the WCG
literature on the subject. Additionally, the modern scientific community has
discovered much new evidence concerning Israelite history, which was not
available to the nineteenth century writers. However, one has to search
diligently through secular sources to find this evidence, because it is not
discussed in a Biblical context.
Let us now examine a supposed “conflict”
in the Bible which Mr. Orr’s article discussed. He notes that II Kings 17:18
states (regarding the removal of the ten tribes from Israel when Samaria fell):
“only the tribe of Judah was left.” The fall of Samaria was approximately 721
B.C.4 Mr. Orr correctly
notes that “at face value, the verse appears to say that only the tribe of
Judah escaped captivity.” Yet he does not take this scripture literally because
during the reign of King Josiah of Judah (circa 639-608 B.C.5), II
Chronicles 34:9 states Josiah collected donations to repair the Temple
“from the people of Manasseh, Ephraim, and the entire remnant of Israel.”
Indeed, verse 6 adds that Naphtalites and Simeonites were also then
present in Palestine!
Faced with this apparent
contradiction, Mr. Orr resorts to the typical rationalizations used by
“minimalists” and “apologists” in various Christian denominations. While the
specifics vary, their responses always have the “bottom line” conclusion that
“you can’t take the Bible literally.” Jesus Christ himself might say to such
people: “O ye of little faith. . . .” Let us examine a combination of
Biblical and secular evidence to demonstrate that there is no conflict here,
and that both sections of the Bible are historically true and can be taken
literally.
The supposed conflict is this: How
can the Bible say all the tribes of Israel (except Judah) were removed from
Palestine in 721 B.C., but also assert that significant numbers of the ten
tribes were again present in Palestine by Josiah’s reign a century later?
Notice first that II Kings 17:18 does not prophesy: “no Israelites will
ever return to Palestine.” It only asserts that none of the ten tribes were
present in Israel in the year 721 B.C., just after the Israelite capital
of Samaria fell.
The answer to the supposed conflict
is partially found in Mr. Orr’s own article. He observes: “Fundamental to the
Anglo-Israel argument is the belief that all significant parts of the house of
Israel went into captivity. Biblical and archeological scholars harbor serious
doubts about the accuracy of this view.” This statement reveals Mr. Orr has not
widely read available Anglo-Israel literature. For example, Col. Gawler’s
nineteenth century publication (mentioned earlier) conclusively makes the case
that many Israelites did not go into captivity! To assert that it is “fundamental to the
Anglo-Israel argument” that “all significant parts of the house of Israel went
into captivity” is simply not true. Indeed, the solution to our apparent
“contradiction” lies in the fact that they did not!
Col. Gawler’s writings also belie
another myth that the detractors of Anglo-Israelism like to spread: that all
Anglo-Israel adherents are “anti-Jewish.” Col. Gawler wrote that Jews attended
the meetings of the nineteenth century British-Israelites and credits a
“Jewish gentleman of great learning”6 for directing him to Jewish
historical sources which confirmed that many Israelites escaped the Assyrians
and settled independently in a new location.
Col. Gawler noted that the medieval
geographer, Abraham Ortelius, recorded that, when the kingdom of Israel fell,
many of the ten tribes migrated to Tartary and “took the name Gauthei
because they were very jealous of the glory of God.7 Gawler also
cited Armenian historians who noted that a large mass of Israelites migrated
(through Armenia) into Tartary. Tartary was a region near the Black Sea (which
later became a springboard for the huge migrations of the Goths into
Europe in the third to sixth centuries A.D.). Another medieval Jewish writer is
quoted as asserting these migrating Israelites “evaded the calamity [of an
Assyrian captivity], going off with their flocks and turning nomads, and that
the chief or prince whom they appointed could muster 120,000 horse and 100,000
foot.”8 With a military escort of almost a quarter-million men, it
is clear the escaping Israelites could easily have numbered well over one
million people.
In II Esdras 13:39-46, there is an
account that a large group from the ten tribes of Israel escaped the Assyrians
and journeyed for one- and-one-half years to a place called Arzareth. This
passage (in an apocryphal book) records that these Israelites were determined
to “keep their statutes which they had not kept in their own country,” and adds
the Most High held back the waters of the Euphrates River so they could escape
the Assyrians. Here again we see an account that the Israelites who escaped
captivity were in a repentant state of mind. Does the Bible support this view?
Yes!
In II Chronicles 28:5-8, we
read of a war between Israel and Judah just decades before the fall of Samaria,
in which God gave the victory to the Israelites who killed 120,000 Jewish
soldiers, and were leading 200,000 Jews into captivity in Israel. Clearly, the
house of Israel still had a very sizeable population at that time. Loaded with
much spoil, the victorious Israelites were met by a prophet (Obed) who gave
them a warning from God not to carry their Jewish brethren into captivity. The
house of Israel had long spurned God’s prophets, but verses 13-15 record
the elders of Ephraim heeded this prophet. Indeed, they gave back all the spoil
to the captive Jews, fed and clothed them, and gently assisted the “feeble” to
make the journey back to Judah. Interestingly, this account indicates the
elders of Israel made this decision to “bend over backwards in obeying God”
without any input from their king.
A few years later when Samaria
fell, II Kings 17:24-31 records the Assyrians had to repopulate the
land of Israel with foreigners because the land was abandoned. Verse 25
(“the Lord sent lions among them”) implies the land had been depopulated for so
long that it had “reverted to the wild.” The cuneiform texts of the Assyrian
kings claim that when Samaria fell, only 27,290 people were taken captive9
(a very paltry total considering that only a few years previously the
Israelites had slain and taken captive hundreds of thousands of Jews). The
Assyrians made no claim of taking the rest of the Israelite nation captive at
that time.
As discussed above, historical
sources indicate the escaping Israelites migrated north of Armenia into the
Black Sea region. Many ancient historians note that the Black Sea region
thereafter acquired the names of “Iberia” and “Scythia” (the “Sacae”). Genesis
21:12 prophesied that Abraham’s seed would be known by the name of Isaac,
and since ancient Hebrew deleted vowels, Isaac’s name is present in the root
consonants of “Sac” or “Saac.” The Sacae Scythians kept the name of Isaac in
their tribal name, fulfilling the prophecy of Genesis 21:12. Iberia
preserved the name of the Hebrews’ namesake “Eber,” and, importantly, Iberian
kings bore the name of “Phares.” The Roman historian Tacitus mentions Iberia
and their kings named “Pharesmanes,”10 as does the famous British
historian George Rawlinson.11
King David had been promised by God
that his seed would “never lack a man sitting on the throne of the house of
Israel,” Jeremiah 33:17. Some Israelites who migrated to the Black
Sea had kings named “Pharesmanes,” and “Phares” was the lineage from which
King David was born, Matthew 1:3-6. This strongly argues that the
Israelites who migrated to the Black Sea abandoned their old king to the
Assyrians and selected a prince from the house of David to be their new king.
Why else would they proclaim the name “Phares” in their dynastic name? There is
much more evidence that Davidic kings ruled over other Asian Israelites as
well, but the above will suffice for this article.
Greek historians indicate that the
Black Sea Israelites (now called “Sacae” Scythians) were obedient to prominent
Old Testament laws. Herodotus notes they avoided swine’s flesh12,
and scrupulously avoided foreign idols and religious customs.13
Herodotus recorded that a Scythian king (with the Israelite name: “Saulius”)
executed a prominent Scythian for participating in a Greek festival honoring
“the mother goddess,” and a Scythian king was even executed for participating
in an idolatrous religious celebration.14 By no means did all
Scythians exhibit Israelite customs. The “Turanian” Scythians, for example,
were not related to the Sacae Scythians, and their tribes exhibited some
bizarre customs. When discussing “Scythians,” one must be careful to determine
which Scythians tribes are being discussed, because not all of them were
Israelite.
The Bible supports the thesis that
many of the ten tribes resettled in the Caucasus/Black Sea region. In the reign
of King Hezekiah of Judah (soon after Samaria fell), II Kings 19:37
states that Sennacherib, the king of Assyria, was assassinated by his sons who
sought safety by fleeing to “the land of Ararat.” When fleeing for their lives,
these assassins would go to an area which was so anti-Assyrian that they would
be certain to receive asylum. They fled to the region of Ararat (the
Caucasus/Black Sea region) where refugees of the ten tribes had established a
new homeland. The anti-Assyrian Israelites would surely give refuge to
assassins of an Assyrian king, and the fact these assassins fled to Ararat is
consistent with historical records that Israelites had migrated to that region.
The Bible also confirms that the
Israelites who fled to the Black Sea experienced at least a limited revival in
serving the God of Israel. In Jeremiah 3:11-12, God sent a message to
the ten tribes of Israel via Jeremiah in about 620 B.C. (100 years after
Israel had been removed from Palestine). God’s message was:
“.
. . backsliding Israel hath justified herself more than treacherous Judah. Go
and proclaim these words toward the north, and say, Return thou
backsliding Israel, saith the Lord . . . .”
Did God’s use of the word “return”
mean “return to God,” “return to Palestine,” or both? Whatever the intent,
history records the Israelites did “return” to Palestine at that time! While
the above quote was not a glowing tribute to the ten tribes’ spiritual
condition, God nevertheless acknowledged that they were clearly more obedient
to God at that time than the tribe of Judah. Also, He directs Jeremiah to
address his message to the ten tribes: “to the north.” If He was addressing Israelites carried
captive to Assyria, God would have said “to the east.” Draw a line straight north of Jerusalem
(where Jeremiah was) and you will come exactly to the Black Sea region
of the Sacae Scythians.
Were the ten tribes of Israel “lost”
a century after the fall of Samaria? Obviously not! God himself sent a message
at that time via the prophet Jeremiah to the “free Israelites” near the Black
Sea.
What does this have to do with the
supposed conflict raised in Mr. Orr’s article? That will now be answered, but
it was first necessary to establish the Israelite origin of the Sacae Scythians
before any sense could be made of what follows.
Secular historians record that
(circa 625-605 B.C.) the Scythians poured out of the Black Sea/Caucasus region
to invade the regions to the south. Their armies marched in the direction of
Assyria and Palestine. The Scythian armies who marched to Assyria devastated
Assyria’s homeland. The Encyclopaedia Britannica states simply:
“Nineveh was captured and destroyed by the Scythian army . . . and the Assyrian
empire was at an end.”15 However, the Scythian army that marched
into Palestine was peaceful as they continued to Egypt (which avoided an
invasion by paying tribute to the Scythians). Herodotus notes that while the
Scythians also conquered Media and “took possession of all Asia,” they marched
into Palestine, “doing no harm to anyone.”16
Harper’s Bible Dictionary records that this massive
Scythian presence in Palestine occurred in the reign of King Josiah (639-608
B.C.),17 and during the ministry of the prophet Jeremiah (who had
sent God’s message to the ten tribes which said “return”). The Scythian
invasions clearly exhibit motives that confirm their Israelite origin. By
conquering Media, they liberated the Israelites held captive in “the cities of
the Medes,” and by destroying the Assyrian Empire, they exacted revenge for the
Assyrian destruction of the old kingdom of Israel. [Interestingly, while the
Assyrians drove the ten tribes out of Palestine, we can now know that the ten
tribes of Israel ultimately destroyed Assyria and its empire.]
If the Scythians had been marauding
nomads from the steppes (a common assumption of history books), they would
have looted Palestine and Judah as well. However, Herodotus’ account of their
presence in Palestine indicates a friendly/protective occupation. This makes
sense when we understand the Sacae Scythians recognized the Jews as a brother
tribe. Even the Bible acknowledges the Scythian presence in Palestine during Josiah’s
reign, in the very passage to which Mr. Orr points as a Bible contradiction!
The Greeks called the Black Sea Israelites “Sacae” or “Scythians,” however, the
Bible called them by their Israelite tribal names because the Jews still
recognized the Scythians as Israelite tribes! That is why II Chronicles
34-35 records King Josiah issuing donations and Passover invitations to
people of Manasseh, Ephraim, Naphtali, Simeon, and “Israel.” King Josiah was,
in fact, interacting with the Sacae Scythians who had just recently reoccupied
their old tribal lands! These passages are powerful Biblical proof that the
Sacae Scythians were the ten tribes of Israel! Precisely when Greek history
records that the Sacae Scythians had poured into Palestine, the Bible states many
of the ten tribes of Israel were again present in the land.
II Chronicles 34:6 records that the ten tribes of
Israel had reoccupied their old homelands “with mattocks.” While the Scythians
attacked Assyria with swords, they occupied Palestine with agricultural tools!
The ten tribes apparently intended to reclaim and resettle the old kingdom of
Israel. However, history records they decided to return to their new Black Sea
homelands within a few decades. Werner Keller states the Scythians returned to
the Black Sea region within ten years18, while Herodotus records
they remained in the Mideast 28 years before returning.19
The events of King Josiah’s reign
take on new meaning when it is realized that the more devout ten tribes of
Israel had reoccupied Palestine during his reign! King Josiah’s spiritual
reform of Judah began in the eighth year of his reign, II Chronicles 34:1-3.
What motivated him to do this? The eighth year of his reign was 623 B.C., about
when the Sacae Scythians (the ten tribes of Israel) reoccupied Palestine. He
began to destroy pagan idols and images even though he did not recover the
“book of the law” until at least ten years later (verses 3-15). Who taught him
how to please the God of Israel? The Scythian Israelites! Jeremiah records the Israelites were closer
to God at that time, and Herodotus wrote the Scythians avoided unclean meat
and forbid the use of idolatrous images.20
After 10-28 years, the Israelites
mostly returned to “the north” after discovering that Palestine was no more a
“land of milk and honey.” It had been occupied by foreigners (brought in by
Assyrians) for a century, and was now undesirable compared to the Israelites’
Black Sea region. However, a few Israelites likely stayed in Palestine, accounting
for limited contingents of Israelites being present in future generations.
After the Scythian Israelites left Palestine, a city in the old tribal
territory of Manasseh (Beth-Shan) was renamed “Scythopolis”21 in
honor of the Scythians who had liberated Palestine from Assyrian domination.
The city was still named Scythopolis when it was one of the cities of the
Decapolis22 in which Jesus walked, Mark 7:31.
The above is an example of how a
careful reconciliation of secular history and Biblical historical accounts
mutually verify the accuracy of the Bible! What Mr. Orr regards as a conflict
is, in fact, no conflict at all. Since the accounts are factually and literally
true, the many rationalizations utilized by Mr. Orr to put new meanings on the
terms “Judah” and “Israel” are moot.
Mr. Orr is correct in stating: “The
Bible records that Jews and Israelites were still living side by side in the
days of the early Church,” but he errs in asserting that it was because
Israelites were joined to the house of Judah. Mr. Orr’s assumption is
contradicted by Josephus, a contemporary of the early Church. Josephus states that during the time of the
early Church:
“There are but two tribes in
Asia and Europe subject to the Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond
Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude, and not to be estimated
by numbers.”23 (Emphasis added.)
Josephus makes it quite clear that
the “two tribes . . . subject to the Romans” were Judah and Benjamin, and that
the “ten tribes” of Israel were still in Asia during the days of the early
Church. Ezra 1 and Nehemiah 11 also confirm that only Judah and
Benjamin had returned to Judea and (with Levi) became the ancestors of the Jews
of Roman Judea. Note also that Josephus did not regard the ten tribes as “lost”
during the 1st century A.D. He even names the Euphrates River as one of their
borders. It is important that Josephus recorded that the ten tribes’ population
had grown very immensely in Asia; it confirms the Israelites had not
“disappeared” or “died out.” Indeed, it confirms the Biblical prophecy of Hosea
1:6-10 that God would make the ten tribes of Israel “too numerous to count”
after He removed them from Palestine.
At the time of Josephus, the
Euphrates River had long been the recognized border between the Roman and
Parthian Empires. Josephus’ euphemism, “beyond Euphrates,” was tantamount to
saying the ten tribes were “in Parthia.” Parthia was an immense Asian Empire,
which stretched from the Euphrates River to India. Historians have long recognized
that the Parthians (who fought many wars with Rome) were fellow tribesmen of
the Sacae Scythians.24 There is an immense volume of evidence that
the Parthian Empire was ruled by the ten tribes of Israel, but there simply is
not space enough to examine that evidence in this article.
During the time of Jesus Christ and
the early Church, there was a long period of “detente” between the Roman and
Parthian Empires during which extensive travel and trade between the two
empires took place. The “Wise Men from the east,” Matthew 2:1, who brought
gold, frankincense and myrrh to the young Jesus were Parthians (“Magi” and
“Wise Men” were the official titles of Parthia’s priests and nobility).25
Acts 2:9 states that “Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the
dwellers in Mesopotamia . . . and Asia,” were present in Jerusalem to
keep the Feast of Weeks. All the above named regions were part of Parthia’s
Empire. Verse 10 states these devout people were “Jews and proselytes
(i.e., non-Jews).” The “non-Jews” were Israelites from the Parthian Empire, and
Peter openly called them “men of Israel” when he addressed them, Acts 2:22.
Mr. Orr mistakenly puts a different meaning on Peter’s comment, but Peter
(like Josephus) knew the many Parthians in his audience were Israelites, and
addressed them as such.
Because Parthian merchants,
pilgrims, and diplomats could travel freely in Roman Palestine at the time of
Christ, there were many Israelites present in Judea throughout the time of
Christ, especially (as Acts 2 confirms) during the Annual Holy Days.
Sadly, the arguments in Mr. Orr’s
article are consistent with those of Biblical “minimalists” and “apologists,”
people who have lost their faith in a literal interpretation of the Bible, and
therefore “apologize” for it. As we can see, no apologies for the Bible are
needed; its historical accounts can be taken literally!
There is a valid challenge which
needs to be made to those who oppose “Anglo-Israelism.” If they claim to be
Christians who believe the Bible is the inspired word of God, then they should accept
Hosea 1 and Genesis 49, which prophesy that the ten tribes of
Israel would have huge populations after their captivity and will be present
and identifiable among the nations during the “latter days.” If they do not
agree with the “Anglo-Israel” identifications of which modern nations are
Israelite, they should offer their own alternative identifications for the
modern ten tribes of Israel. If a person really believes the Bible is God’s
literal word, they will offer such alternatives. Those who cannot (or will not)
offer alternatives, reveal that they don’t really believe in a literally-true
Bible. They are simply wasting our time.
In conclusion, there is abundant
evidence that Biblical historical accounts are literally true, and that the
United States of America and Britain are the modern descendants of the
Israelite tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim (space did not permit a discussion of
that subject in this article). There is also much historical evidence that the
ten tribes of Israel can be traced in all parts of their history from the fall
of Samaria till the present.
The author of this article has
spent many years researching evidence about the tribes of Israel, and this
information has been published in 1996 in a major book, The “Lost” Ten
Tribes of Israel. . . Found! It
is 440 pages long. This book contains the information offered in this article
and much, much more. It examines the subject of the ten tribes of Israel from a
historical, linguistic, archeological, and anthropological basis. It traces the
empires, migrations, and histories of the ten tribes from the time of King
David until the present. It not only documents the whereabouts of the tribes of
Israel in the modern world, but also documents that the Israelites ruled major
empires at several stages of their history. After reading The Lost Ten
Tribes of Israel...Found! you can believe in “Anglo-Israelism” (and the
veracity of the Bible) not in spite of the scientific evidence, but rather
because of it! This book is based on
hard evidence, not folklore and legend.
If you are interested in a
scientific documentation of the history and modern locations of the ten tribes
of Israel, you may order a copy of this excellent book. See ordering information below.
(Steve Collins plans additional books documenting further evidence
of the identity of the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel.)
Endnotes
1. “Our Scythian Ancestors
Identified with Israel,” and “Dan...the Pioneer of Israel,” Col. J.C. Gawler,
were published by W.H. Guest of London, England in 1875 and 1880, respectively.
2. “Jeshurun...”, Mrs. E.C.
Daubenay, published by W.H. Guest, London, p. 7.
3. “The U.S.A. in Bible Prophecy,”
F.E. Pitts, originally published in 1862, now printed by Hoffman Printing Co.,
Muskogee, OK.
4. Harper’s Bible Dictionary,
“Samaria,” p. 895.
5. Ibid, “Josiah,” p. 510.
6. Gawler, Our Scythian
Ancestors Identified with Israel, p. 9.
7. Ibid, p. 9.
8. Ibid, p. 9.
9. The Bible as History,
Werner Keller, p. 246.
10. The Annals of Imperial Rome,
Tacitus, Books VI, XI-XIV.
11. The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy, George Rawlinson, pp.
231-270, 320-321.
12. The History, Herodotus,
4.63.
13. Ibid, 4.76.
14. Ibid, 4.76-80.
15. Encyclopaedia Britannica,
1943 Ed., Vol. 2, “Babylonia and Assyria”, p. 857.
16. The History, Herodotus,
1.104-105.
17. Harper’s Bible Dictionary,
“Josiah,” p. 510.
18. The Bible as History,
Werner Keller, p. 273.
19. The History , Herodotus,
1.106.
20. Ibid, 4.76-80.
21. The Bible as History,
Werner Keller, p. 273.
22. Harper’s Bible Dictionary,
“Beth-shan,” p. 109, and “Decapolis,” p. 215.
23. Antiquities of the Jews,
Josephus, XI, 2.
24. The Sixth Great Oriental
Monarchy, George Rawlinson, p. 19, and The Scythians, Tamara Rice,
p. 45.
25. The Sixth Great Oriental
Monarchy, George Rawlinson, p. 85.
NOTE: We recommend the book, The “Lost” 10 Tribes of Israel . .
. Found!, by Steven M. Collins, available from Giving & Sharing, PO
Box 100, Neck City, MO 64849, for a suggested donation of $15.00, plus
postage.