St. Valentine, Cupid and
Jesus Christ
Its customs appear harmless, but is
Valentine's Day really a Christian holiday? What are its origins?
Could this seemingly innocent
celebration promote unbiblical teachings?
by
Gary Petty
Every year in
mid-February millions of people express romantic desire for each other by
exchanging heart-shaped boxes of chocolate, flowers and "valentines."
Children express hidden infatuations by sending cards as "secret
admirers." Retailers stock shelves with merchandise covered in stylized
hearts and Cupids preparing for the popular observance of St. Valentine's Day,
Feb. 14.
Where and how did
these curious customs originate?
Valentine's Day
acquired its name from a Catholic saint, although exactly who he was is a
matter of debate. The two most famous Valentines were a Roman priest and a
bishop, both of whom suffered martyrdom in the last half of the third century.
Celebrations:
The Complete Book of American Holidays
records the story this way: "Everyone knows that St. Valentine's Day is
that day of the year when friends and lovers express affection for one another,
through cards, candy and flowers, whatever means the imagination can find. But
no one is quite certain who this St. Valentine was--or, more appropriately, who
these Valentines were. The early lists of church martyrs reveal at least three
Valentines, and one source boosted this number to an unwieldy eight, each of
whom had his feast day on February 14.
"The various
Valentines eventually evolved into one. Lover's quarrels come under his
jurisdiction and, naturally, he is the patron saint of engaged couples and of
anyone wishing to marry" (Robert J. Myers and the editors of Hallmark
Cards, 1972, pp. 48-49).
During the Middle
Ages, Valentine's Day grew increasingly popular in Europe. Feb. 14 was
significant not only for its religious meaning but because it was widely believed
that birds begin to mate on this date. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400) mentions
the mating of birds on Valentine's Day in his poem "Parliament of
Foules."
"English
literature, following Chaucer, contains frequent references to February 14 as
sacred to lovers. Shakespeare, Drayton, and Gay are among those who mention it
in this connection, and the diarist Samuel Pepys several times discusses the
day and its related customs. The Paston Letters,
covering the period
from 1422 to 1509, contain a letter by Dame Elizabeth Brews to John Paston,
with whom she hoped to arrange a match for her daughter, which runs this way:
" 'And
cousin mine, upon Monday is St. Valentine's day and every bird chooseth himself
a mate . . .' " (Jane M. Hatch,
The American Book of Days,
1978, p. 178).
For centuries St.
Valentine's Day flourished as 24 hours of romantic superstition. A common
belief was that a girl would marry the first bachelor she saw or conjure her
future mate's image by visiting a graveyard on St. Valentine's Eve.
The custom of
sending valentine cards grew popular in the 1700s. In the early 1800s
commercial valentines appeared, and soon there was no end to how entrepreneurs
could make money from the holiday. Valentine's Day became so popular in the
United States that a 1863 periodical claimed it was second in celebration only
to Christmas.
Valentine's Day is
as popular as ever with children and couples. It is one of the biggest
moneymaking days for florists, candy makers and gift shops.
Pre-Christian
Origins
But do the roots
of Valentine's Day run deeper and further back into history?
The origins of
Valentine's Day predate Christianity. "The most plausible theory for St.
Valentine's Day traces its customs back to the Roman Lupercalia, a feast celebrated
in February in honor of the pastoral god Lupercus, a Roman version of the Greek
god Pan. The festival was an important one for the Romans, occurring when it
did, naturally had some aspects of a rebirth rite to it" (Myers, pp.
50-51).
The original
festival, celebrated on Feb. 15, was founded in the ancient legend of the
infants Romulus and Remus. The two brothers were said to have been abandoned
but discovered and nursed by a wolf, or lupus in Latin. The two boys are
credited as the founders of Rome.
Lupercalia was
celebrated in honor of pastoral deities, and ceremonies included the sacrifice
of goats and a dog. Young men dressed in the sacrificial animal skins would run
from a cave, said to be where Romulus and Remus were cared for by the wolf, brandishing
strips of goat skins. Any women struck by these thongs were assured fertility.
"These thongs were called Februa, the festival
Februatio,
and the day Dies Februetus,
hence arose the name of the month February,
the last of the old Roman year" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. XV,
ninth edition, 1907, "Lupercalia").
Over the years
many customs were added to the celebration. One was for the names of girls to
be placed in a box to be drawn by boys. Each resulting match was then
considered a pair for the coming year.
Lupercalia
and Christianity
As Christianity
spread throughout the Roman Empire, it was common for pagan converts to retain
their earlier religious customs and practices. Edward Gibbons, in his classic
work The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
states: "After the
conversion of the Imperial city, the Christians still continued, in the month
of February, the annual celebration of the Lupercalia; to which they ascribed a
secret and mysterious influence of the genial powers of the animal and vegetable
world" (Vol. II, The Modern Library, p. 327).
Pope Gelasius is
said to have eradicated Lupercalia from Christian observance in the last decade
of the fifth century. But, in reality, the mingling of paganism and
Christianity had become inseparable in much of the Western world. Saturnalia
and Mithraism were incorporated into the church through claiming a December
birth date for Jesus Christ. Various spring fertility rites merged to form the
basis of Easter celebrations. Lupercalia evolved into the observance of St.
Valentine's Day.
Celebrations:
The Complete Book of American Holidays
comments: "Everywhere that Christians came into power they
immediately adapted the holidays and customs of the people to their own creed.
Now it was a simple matter to call the day that this drawing took place St.
Valentine's Day . . . To Christianize the heathen practice of picking
lots for sweethearts, all that was needed was to replace the names of the girls
with names of saints and to have the young people emulate the particular
virtues of whatever saint they drew. Incidentally, this custom is not dead
today and is still observed in some religious orders.
"It was
always more fun, of course, to pick a girl's rather than a saint's name.
Consequently, by at least the fourteenth century the custom had reverted to its
original form" (pp. 50-51).
Roman
Gods and Christian Saints
Why would people
observe a day that honors pagan gods by associating it with Christian saints?
The ancient Romans
worshiped gods and goddesses involved with every aspect of life. Jupiter, the
chief of the gods, was the deity of rain and storms, while his wife, Juno, was
the goddess of womanhood. Minerva was the goddess of handicrafts and wisdom;
Venus, of sexual love and birth; Vesta, of the hearth and sacred fires; Ceres,
of farming and harvests.
The Greeks
considered Mercury to be the messenger of the gods, but the Romans worshiped
him as the god of trade, and businessmen celebrated his feast day to increase
profits. Others included Mars, god of war; Castor and Pollux, gods of sea
travelers; Cronos, the guardian of time; and Cupid, god of love, whose magic
arrows encouraged humans and immortals to fall in love. The list goes on and
on.
Romans would
generically call on "the gods," but each deity had its own cult, and
worshipers would pray and conduct religious ceremonies to a specific god or
goddess to ask for help. Christianity, with its emphasis on one God, was viewed
by many Romans as a strange superstition or even a kind of atheism that denied
the existence of the gods.
Members of the
early Christian Church considered themselves "saints," meaning holy
or separated to God. Paul greets the church at Philippi as "all the saints
in Christ Jesus" (Philippians 1:1). However, it wasn't long before
"saints," in the Roman tradition, began to take on the meaning of a
special class of martyrs or performers of heroic virtue.
In the second and
third centuries it became common for congregations to honor the death of a
martyr by celebrating the anniversary of his or her demise. The local cult
would offer prayers to the dead for intercession with God. A "saint"
could eventually receive universal recognition by declaration of the bishop of
Rome.
The Catholic
Encyclopedia explains: "As was
taught by St. Augustine . . . Catholics, while giving to God alone
adoration strictly so-called, honor the saints because of the Divine
supernatural gifts which have earned them eternal life, and through which they
reign with God in the heavenly fatherland as His chosen friends and faithful
servants.
"In other
words, Catholics honor God in His saints as the loving distributor of
supernatural gifts. The worship of latria . . .
or strict
adoration is given to God alone; the worship, or
dulia . . .
or honor and humble reverence, is paid the saints; the worship of
hyperdulia
. . . on account of her greater excellence, [is directed] to the
Blessed Virgin Mary" (Vol. II, "Saints," 1907, Online Edition,
1999, Kevin Knight).
The evolution from
the early Church's recognition of all members being saints to the veneration
and worship of the dead is rooted in the early mixture of paganism with
Christianity. The populace throughout the Roman Empire was accustomed not only
to the worship of the Greek and Roman pantheon, but to cultic worship of local
deities. It was an easy step for Christian congregations rooted in paganism to
replace the customs of local cults with the worship of dead martyrs.
Over the centuries
the Catholic Church canonized saints for many events, problems, illnesses and
occupations, each celebrated with his or her own feast day. St. Stephen is the
patron saint of stonemasons; doctors can pray to St. Luke, fishermen to St.
Andrew, and carpenters to St. Joseph. Patron saints are there for farmers,
hunters, shoemakers and even comedians. The primary saint in Catholic theology
is Mary, the mother of Jesus.
The
Danger in a Harmless Holiday
What harm can
there be in the celebration of lovers in the name of St. Valentine? Besides,
what does it matter that some of the day's customs hark back to pagan rites?
For one thing,
nowhere does the Bible approve of praying to dead (or living) saints. In fact,
Jesus declared that no one except Himself has ascended into heaven (John 3:13).
The saints wait in their graves for the resurrection to occur at Jesus' return.
Venerating dead saints propagates an ancient heathen custom that has no basis
in reality.
The apostle Paul
wrote to the Thessalonians about the resurrection: "But I do not want you
to be ignorant, brethren, concerning those who have fallen asleep, lest you
sorrow as others who have no hope. For if we believe that Jesus died and rose
again, even so God will bring with Him those who sleep in Jesus. For this we
say to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive and remain until the
coming of the Lord will by no means precede those who are asleep. For the Lord
Himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of an archangel,
and with the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first" (1
Thessalonians 4:13-16).
One of the roles
Jesus Christ fulfills as our resurrected High Priest is Intercessor: one who
pleads on behalf of another. The Bible declares: "Therefore He [Jesus] is
also able to save to the uttermost those who come to God through Him, since He
always lives to make intercession for them" (Hebrews 7:25).
The Bible
encourages Christians to pray for each other, but heavenly intercession is
reserved for Jesus Christ. At Jesus' death the veil in the temple, a heavy curtain
that separated the "holy of holies," representing God's throne, from
the rest of the temple, was supernaturally torn from top to bottom. This action
demonstrated that a new access to God was made available by the sacrifice of
Jesus the Messiah. A Christian's relationship to God is with a personal and
intimate Father. The supposed need for another heavenly intercessor denigrates
this role of Christ.
Does
it Matter to God?
God warned ancient
Israel, the people He chose to represent true religion, not to mix pagan
customs with worshiping Him as the true God. "When the Lord your God cuts
off from before you the nations which you go to dispossess, and you displace
them and dwell in their land, take heed to yourself that you are not ensnared
to follow them, after they are destroyed from before you, and that you do not
inquire after their gods, saying, 'How did these nations serve their gods? I
also will do likewise.' You shall not worship the Lord your God in that way;
for every abomination to the Lord which He hates they have done to their gods
. . . Whatever I command you, be careful to observe it; you shall not
add to it nor take away from it" (Deuteronomy 12:29-32).
Paul compares
mixing paganism with Christianity to worshiping demons: "What am I saying then?
That an idol is anything, or what is offered to idols is anything? Rather, that
the things which the Gentiles sacrifice they sacrifice to demons and not to
God, and I do not want you to have fellowship with demons. You cannot drink the
cup of the Lord and the cup of demons; you cannot partake of the Lord's table
and of the table of demons" (1 Corinthians 10:19-21).
Holidays such as
St. Valentine's Day metamorphose into icons of Western culture, parodying
religion. Most people don't care that its origins lie in the Roman Lupercalia
and are rooted in tenets that have nothing to do with the Bible. It's this
apathy about how to worship God, and the corresponding moral decay, that is the
result of mixing Christianity with paganism.
Jesus said His
followers would "worship the Father in spirit and truth" (John 4:23).
Observance of this holiday is just one of many traditions that must be
questioned if Christianity is to return to its foundation laid by Jesus Christ.
Recommended
Reading
Does it matter
which days we keep? Does God care one way or another about the days and customs
we celebrate to honor Him? Why do so many of our holidays--including many
religious observances--have strange and unusual customs found nowhere in the
Bible?
Many people are
shocked to discover the origins of most popular holidays. They're also
surprised to find that the feast days God commands in the Bible--the same days
kept by Jesus Christ and the apostles--are almost universally ignored.
Does it matter to
God? Be sure to request your free copy of Holidays or Holy Days: Does It
Matter Which Days We Keep? Contact our office in your country (or the
country nearest you) on page 2 or download this intriguing, eye-opening booklet
from our Web site at www.gnmagazine.org.
Reprinted with permission of the United
Church of God, an International Association. This article is not to be
sold.
It is a free educational
service in the public interest.
Published by United Church of God, an International Association, PO Box
541027, Cincinnati, OH 45254-1027.
© 2000 United
Church of God