All Roads Lead to Babylon Study No. 185
There are only two religions:
(1) the Truth of the Almighty, as expressed in His Word, the Bible; and (2)
every other belief. These two religions
cannot be mixed, without disastrous results.
Babylon is the source of false religion, Revelation 17:1-6. When
John wrote the Revelation, Babylon, as a city, had already been destroyed and
left in ruins, as Old Testament prophets had foretold, Isaiah 13:19-22; Jeremiah 51-52.
Though the city of Babylon was destroyed, its religious concepts and customs
had spread around the world. Today’s
myriad of false religions have their origin in ancient Babylon.
Ralph
Woodrow, in his book, Babylon Mystery
Religion (first published in 1966, now out of print), clearly traces the
practices and teachings of ancient Babylon, and their modern counterparts in
the Roman Catholic Church and her Protestant daughters. Babylonian ideas are by no means isolated to
professing Christianity. Since nominal
Christianity is so permeated with false doctrines from Babylon, we should
carefully study this problem, so as to avoid Babylonianism. Today, there is an almost irresistible tide
in the Church of God to turn aside to ideas of Babylon. All too many believers are taking one of the
many roads to Rome and Babylon. Here is
a summary of Woodrow’s excellent book, Babylon
Mystery Religion.
Nimrod and Semiramis
Legends
are difficult to prove; they are almost impossible to disprove. Nimrod, the mighty hunter before (against)
the Lord, was the first to organize cities into a kingdom under human rule, Genesis 10:8-10. This much we know from the Bible. The name Nimrod comes from the word, marad, meaning “he rebelled.” Legend has it that Nimrod married his own
mother, Semiramis. After Nimrod died,
Semiramis claimed Nimrod was the sun-god.
She later had a child, Tammuz, whom she claimed was Nimrod reborn,
supernaturally conceived, the promised seed, the “savior.” Semiramis developed a religion of mother and
child worship. Symbols were used to
develop a “mystery” religion. Since
Nimrod was believed to be the sun-god (Baal), fire was considered his earthly
representation. In other forms, Nimrod
was symbolized by sun images, fish, trees, pillars, and animals. Tammuz, son of the sun-god, was represented
by the golden calf. And so it was, that
mankind followed this religion of worshipping the creation (creature) rather
than the Creator, Romans 1:21-26.
Whether
or not the Nimrod-Semiramis-Tammuz legends are completely historical or not is
immaterial. The result of these legends is that mankind in general, has followed
variations of one kind or another, of the religion of Babylon,
to this day.
Rome,
the greatest and longest-lived human world-ruling empire, assimilated religions
from her many conquered territories.
All these religions had commonalities, for they all came from
Babylon. These practices infiltrated
and overcame the professing Christian Church, which later came to be dominated
by Rome itself.
Mother and Child Worship; Mary Worship
Pictures
are worth a thousand words. If you doubt the common origin of many pagan
practices, pictures showing the striking similarity should convince you. Many pagan religions had mother and child
worship, whether Devaki and Crishna (India), Isis and Horus (Egypt), Venus or
Fortuna and Jupiter (Rome), etc. Each
nation gave different names to essentially the same god or goddess.
A
mother goddess, or “queen of heaven,” was said to have given miraculous birth
to a son. Ancient Israel sometimes
followed this false religion, Judges
2:13, 10:6; I Samuel 7:3-4, 12:10; I Kings 11:5; II Kings 23:13; Jeremiah
44:17-19, with disastrous results.
In Ephesus, Semiramis was worshipped as the great mother Diana, the
many-breasted goddess. This form of
mother-child worship was followed throughout all Asia and the world, Acts 19:27.
Mary
worship had no place in the early Christian Church. Even the Catholic Encyclopedia
(article, “Virgin Mary,” pp. 459-460) admits that in the first centuries, A.D.,
there are no traces of the worship of Mary.
By the fourth century, the time of Emperor Constantine, worshipping
Mary as a goddess and offering cakes at her shrine, began to come into the
professing Church. In A.D. 431, the
Council of Ephesus made Mary worship official.
By mixing beliefs already being practiced (Diana of Ephesus worshipped
as a goddess) with nominal Christianity, so-called Church “fathers” reasoned
that they could gain more converts. It
is the same old story. Apostates
believe that lowering God’s standards results in a better form of religion,
more acceptable and popular to the masses.
The
Bible is clear that there is only one
mediator between God and man, the man Christ, I Timothy 2:5. Yet Roman
Catholicism teaches that Mary is also a “mediator.” Catholics offer prayers to Mary, burn candles to Mary, and have
statues of Mary, which came directly from their pagan counterparts. Isis, the Egyptian goddess, was known as
“mother of God,” just as Mary is titled by Catholics. Weigall, in The Paganism in
Our Christianity, page 129, says, “When Christianity triumphed, these
paintings and figures became those of the madonna and child, without any break
in continuity: no archaeologist, in fact, can now tell whether some of these
objects represent the one or the other.”
In pagan
religion, the mother was worshipped as much (or more) than her son! Noted Roman Catholic writer Alphonsus
Liguori stressed that prayers addressed to Mary are much more effectual than to
Christ. Mary is deified as the “queen
of heaven,” born without sin (Immaculate Conception), the “mother of God,”
exactly as pagan worshippers deified Isis, Venus, Ashtoreth, etc. Jesus did not teach that Mary was superior
to other human beings. When someone
mentioned His mother and brethren, Jesus asked, “Who is My mother? and who are
My brethren?” Then, stretching forth
His hand toward His disciples, He said, “Behold My mother and My brethren! For WHOSOEVER shall do the will of My Father
which is in heaven, the same is My brother, and sister, and MOTHER,” Matthew 12:46-50. Anyone who does the will of God is on the
same level as Mary.
Closely
associated with praying to Mary is the rosary, a chain of fifteen sets of small
beads, marked off by one large bead. The
ends of the chain are joined by a medal with an imprint of Mary, from which
hangs a short chain with a crucifix at the end. The use of prayer-counters or rosary beads is an almost universal
custom in pagan religion. From Nineveh
to India to China, beads were used as a part of worship. The Phoenicians used a circle of beads
resembling a rosary in the worship of Astarte, the mother goddess, as early as
800 B.C. Francis Xavier was astonished
to see that rosaries were universally familiar to the Buddhists of Japan.
The
main prayer of the rosary is the “Hail Mary.”
The complete rosary repeats the Hail Mary 53 times, the Lord’s Prayer 6
times, and several other recitations.
The Hail Mary combines the statement of the angel about Mary from the
Bible with unscriptural blasphemy, “Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with
thee; Blessed art thou among women Jesus [a loose translation of Luke 1:28], and blessed is the fruit of
thy womb. Holy Mary, Mother of God,
pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of death, Amen.” Mary was not the mother of God, she was not
holy, she was a righteous woman who is dead in her grave, waiting for the
resurrection to eternal life, with all the other dead in Christ.
The Catholic Encyclopedia says, “There is
little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted devotional formula before
about 1050,” article “Hail Mary,” p. 111.
Jesus instructs us not to use vain repetitions when we pray, Matthew 6:7-8. The so-called “Lord’s Prayer” verses 9-13, was a model prayer, not a
prayer to be monotonously repeated.
Jesus said in effect “pray thus” (after this manner therefore pray ye),
not “pray this.” Prayer should be
spontaneous, not rote memory with no heart-felt meaning.
Many Gods, Statues, Pictures
There
is only one God family, composed of the Father and the Son. We have direct access to God through the
blood of Jesus Christ, Hebrews 4:14-16,
9:12, 10:10. Roman Catholics honor
and pray to various special “saints,” canonized by the church hierarchy. According to the Bible, ALL true Christians
are saints (Ephesians 1:1,
etc.). If we want a saint to pray for
us, it must be a living person. If we
try to commune with people that have died, this is a form of spiritism. The so-called “Apostles’ Creed” says, “I
believe . . . in the communion of the
saints,” supposing that prayers are effectual, to and for the dead. Babylonian religion had a plurality of gods,
some 5,000 gods and goddesses, once heroes on the earth, but now elevated on a
higher spiritual plane. Every month and
every day of the month was under the protection of a particular divinity. In exactly the same way, Roman Catholics
have “saints” for almost every day of the year, for occupations, for specific
problems. St. Clare is the saint for
television, St. Denis for headaches, St. Hadrian for butchers, etc.
Now,
why pray to dead saints when Christians have access directly to God? Catholics are taught that they
should pray to Mary and other dead saints to obtain help that God would not
otherwise give! In other words, God cannot
be depended upon or trusted; we should pray to Him through Mary and the saints,
who supposedly are more kind and loving than God Himself. In church buildings of Europe today, it is
not uncommon to have two, three, or four thousand
statues. Those who bow and worship
before statues know fully well that the statue is not “god,” but only representative of god. Catholics, like
pagans, know that the statues they worship are not god. However, this excuse does not get around Exodus 20:4-5, “Thou shalt not make
unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth
beneath, or that is underneath the earth: Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them.”
The
Bible instructed the ancient Israelites not to adopt the idols of pagans into
the true worship of Yahweh. “The graven
images of their gods shall ye burn with fire; thou shalt not desire the silver
or gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therein;
for it is an abomination to the Lord,” Deuteronomy
7:25. Israelites were to “destroy
all their pictures,” Numbers 33:52.
Pagans
placed a circle or aureole (disk of the sun-god) around the heads of those who
were “gods” in their pictures. This
practice continued right into the Romish church.
For
the first four centuries, the church used no pictures of Christ. Since Christ is now glorified on the right
hand of the Father, no picture could come close to doing Him justice! We do not need, nor should we have, statues,
pictures, or representations of God and Christ.
Obelisks, Temples, and Towers
The
Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., is modeled after an Egyptian
obelisk. According to Diodorus, Queen
Semiramis in Babylon erected a 130-foot tall obelisk. The obelisk was popular in Egypt, associated with
sun-worship. The erect upright pointed
column represents the phallus, the male sex organ, of Baal (Nimrod). Here we see a common theme of Babylonian
worship: emphasis on perverted
sexuality. The Bible mentions such
“standing images,” matzebah, I Kings 14:23; II Kings 18:4, 23:14;
Jeremiah 43:13; Micah 5:13, and “sun images,” hammanim, Isaiah 17:8, 27:9. God will not forever allow these standing
images to remain, but will cast them down.
The
“image of jealousy” erected in the entry to the Temple, was probably an
obelisk, symbol of the phallus, Ezekiel
8:5. It was common to place an
obelisk at the entrance of a heathen temple.
And so it is, that at the entrance to St. Peter’s Basilica in the
Vatican in Rome, there is an Egyptian obelisk.
This is not a copy of an
Egyptian obelisk, as is the Washington Monument. It is the same obelisk that stood in Egypt in ancient
times at the pagan temple of Heliopolis (city of the sun-god). Emperor Caligula, in 37-41 A.D., hauled it
from Egypt to Rome at great expense, to his circus on Vatican Hill. Heliopolis is the Greek name of the Hebrew
Beth-shemesh (house of the sun), which was the center of ancient Egyptian
sun-worship. Obelisks that stood there are called “images of Bethshemesh,” Jeremiah 43:13. In 1586, Pope Sixtus V had the 83-foot high
320-ton obelisk moved to the center front of St. Peter’s square, where it
resides today, symbolic of the merger of Egyptian sun-worship with professing
Christianity.
God’s people
do not have an edifice complex. Those
who have the Holy Spirit are the temple of God, I Corinthians 3:16. There
is no record of a church building (as such) being built prior to A.D.
222-235. It is not wrong to have Church
buildings, but false believers embellished their halls of worship with pagan
spires similar to pagodas and shrines of idolatrous worshippers. “There is evidence to show that the spires
of our churches owe their existence to the uprights or obelisks outside the
temples of former ages,” Brown, Sex
Worship and Symbolism of Primitive Races, p. 38. “There are still in existence today remarkable specimens of
original phallic symbols . . . steeples on the churches . . . and obelisks . .
. all show the influence of our phallus-worshipping ancestors,” Eichler, The Customs of Mankind, p. 55.
Cross Not a Christian Symbol
One of the most important symbols of Catholics and
Protestants is the cross. The priest
makes the sign of the cross on the head of infants as they are sprinkled;
churches are built in the shape of the cross; when Catholics enter church, they
take “holy water” and make the sign of the cross; during Mass, the priest makes
the sign of the cross 16 times and blesses the altar with the cross 30 times. The cross is universally worn as jewelry
around the neck, and is prominent in professing Christian homes.
Early
Christians considered the cross as “the accursed tree,” a device of death and
“shame,” Hebrews 12:2. They did not trust in an old rugged
cross. Instead, their faith was in what
was accomplished on the cross (or
stake, or whatever it was Jesus was impaled upon). That is how the Apostles preached about the cross, I Corinthians 1:17-18.
It was
not until Christianity became paganized (or paganism was Christianized), when the
cross image came to be thought of as a Christian symbol, part of worship. Crosses in churches was introduced in A.D.
431; the use of crosses on steeples did not come about until about 586. The Expository
Dictionary of New Testament Words says the cross originated among the
Babylonians of ancient Chaldea, used as a symbol of the god Tammuz.
Almost any book of ancient Egypt shows the use of the Tau cross (shaped
like the letter “T”) on old monuments and walls of ancient temples. Seymour says that the cross, unchanged for
thousands of years, “was reverenced . . . among the Chaldeans, Phoenicians,
Mexicans, and every ancient people of
both hemispheres,” The Cross in
Tradition, History, and Art, pp. 22, 26.
The cross had been a sacred symbol of India for centuries among
non-Christians. Prescott reports that
when the Spaniards first landed in Mexico, they were shocked to behold the
cross, sacred emblem of their own Catholic faith, reverenced in Aztec temples. A heathen temple in Palenque, Mexico, founded in the ninth
century B.C., was known as “The Temple of the Cross.” Ancient Mexicans worshipped a cross as tota (our father), similar to apostate Israelites who worshipped a
piece a wood as “my father,” Jeremiah
2:27. In 46 B.C., Roman coins show
Jupiter holding a long sceptre terminating in a cross. Vestal virgins (temple prostitutes) of pagan
Rome wore the cross suspended from their necklaces, as Roman Catholic nuns do
today.
“Since
Jesus died on a cross,” some say, “doesn’t that make it a Christian symbol?” Let us suppose He was put to death with a
hatchet; would this be a reason to venerate the hatchet? Again, the important thing is not the way
Jesus died, but who died (the son of God), and why He died (for the sins of
mankind). Crucifixion was a common
method of execution for flagrant crimes in Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Palestine,
Carthage, Greece, and Rome. Seymour
reports, “Tradition ascribes the invention of the punishment of the cross to a
woman, the queen Semiramis,” (Ibid.,
p. 64).
Relics of Romanism
Pagans
regarded the cross as a protector.
Ancient Italians placed a cross upon the tombs. In like manner, uneducated professing
Christians today use the cross in their homes to ward off trouble and
disease. In ancient Israel, a plague of
serpents afflicted the Israelites.
Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it on a pole, and if anyone who
was bitten by a serpent looked upon the brasen serpent, they lived, Numbers 21:9. Lifting up the serpent in the wilderness was a type of the way
Christ would be lifted up on the stake, John
3:14. After the brasen serpent had
served its purpose, the Israelites kept it around and made an idol out of it. Centuries later, Hezekiah broke in pieces
the brasen serpent, because Israel was burning incense to it, II Kings 18:1-4. Even items which God used for His purpose,
if looked at for themselves and not for the God who used them, can become
objects of idolatry. The cross has
served its purpose. Jesus rose from the
dead. Let us not worship the cross and
other relics.
Among
the most venerated objects of worship are supposed “relics,” or pieces, of the
cross upon which Jesus was crucified.
If all the pieces were gathered together, they would fill a good-sized
ship. Catholics believe that the house
in which Mary lived in Nazareth is now in the little town of Loreto, Italy,
having been transported there by angels.
The “holy house” of Loreto is one of the most famous shrines of Italy,
honored by more than 47 popes.
Veneration of the dead bodies of martyrs was ordered by the Council of
Trent, which condemned those who did not believe in relics. Bones are placed beneath a church, in the
belief that saints’ bones “consecrate” the ground and building. The Castle Church at Wittenberg, the door of
which Luther nailed his “Ninety-five Theses,” had 19,000 relics of dead
“saints.” The second Nicean Council in
787 decreed it illegal to dedicate a building if no relics were present, on
penalty of excommunication.
Adoring
the bones of the dead is a direct carry-over from paganism. In legend, when Nimrod, the false “savior”
of Babylon, died, his body was torn limb from limb, and buried in various
places. His “resurrection” to a new
body, becoming the sun-god, left behind his old body. This contrasts with the death of the True Savior, the Messiah,
Jesus Christ, “a bone of Him shall not be broken,” John 19:36; who was resurrected in the true sense of the word,
leaving behind no body parts for relics.
In the old mystery religion, bones of hero-gods consecrated shrines, and
relics were worshipped. In God’s
wisdom, however, He secretly buried Moses to ensure nobody would venerate His
servant Moses, Deuteronomy 34:5-6.
So,
why should we venerate bones and relics (articles of clothing, etc.) of the
saints? The Catholic Encyclopedia says, “no dishonor is done to God by the
continuance of an error which has
been handed down for many centuries . . . . Hence there is justification for the practice of the Holy See in
allowing the cult of certain doubtful relics to continue,” article “Relics,” p.
738.
Don’t
believe the religious fakery of relic worship, of those who claim to have a
bone of Joseph, some of the hair of Mary, the shroud of Turin, or what have
you. Worship God the Creator. The monks of Charroux (as well as three other
churches in France, Rome, and Italy) claim to have the foreskin of the baby
Jesus. May the Eternal guide us to His
True worship, in Spirit and Truth, not religious lies and shady salesmanship.
Pay for Forgiveness of Sins or Suffer?
Do you
believe that Christ paid the penalty for ALL your sins? I do!
Yet, Catholics believe that sins committed after (infant) baptism can be
forgiven, “but there still remains the temporal
punishment required by Divine justice, and this requirement must be
fulfilled either in the present life or in the world to come [i.e.,
Purgatory]. An indulgence offers the
penitent sinner the means of discharging this debt during this life on earth,” Catholic Encyclopedia, article
“Indulgences,” p. 783. The basis for
indulgences (still a belief of Catholics) is the “Treasury” of merits of Christ
and the saints.
However,
since Christ “is the propitiation for our sins,” and His blood “cleanseth us
from all sin,” I John 2:2, 1:7, how can the merits of Mary and other saints
possibly add to this? During the Middle
Ages, Popes authorized the mass sale of indulgences throughout Europe, a
practice of which Luther spoke out against.
During World War II, the Archbishop of Winnipeg, in a letter dated March
1, 1944, urged Roman Catholic mothers to guarantee
the salvation of their sons from Purgatory by the payment to him of $40 for
prayers and masses in their behalf. No
amount of money can pay for our sins or guarantee salvation. It is hard for a rich man to enter the
Kingdom of God, Matthew 19:23-24; in
the Catholic Church it is easy for the rich to have many masses said for
them. The wealthy cannot redeem
themselves, Psalm 49:6-7. We are “NOT redeemed with corruptible
things, as silver and gold . . . but with the precious blood of Christ, as of a
lamb without blemish and without spot,” I
Peter 1:18-19. When the former
Samaritan sorcerer Simon offered money to obtain a gift of God, Peter said
literally, “To hell with you and your money! How dare you think you could buy
the gift of God?” Acts 8:20, J.B.
Phillips translation.
Catholic
teaching about Purgatory, a place for the dead to further pay for their sins
before being allowed to enter Heaven, is non-Biblical, and was not the
teachings of Christ or the Apostles. It
was not commonly believed until about 600 when Pope Gregory created the third
state for the purification of souls, and did not become actual dogma until the Council of Florence in
1459.
Once
again, beliefs about a purgatory abound in pagan culture. Plato (427-347 B.C.) spoke of a place of
torment to make amends for crimes of oneself or ones ancestors. Chinese Buddhists came to buy prayers for
deliverance of their dead ones from purgatory, from special shops set up for
that purpose. Zoroastrians teach of a place of purification. Moslems may escape purgatory by giving money
to a religious leader. Israelites were
warned not to give money “for the dead,” Deuteronomy
26:14. Alexander Hislop concludes,
“In every system, therefore, except that
of the Bible, the doctrine of purgatory after death, and prayers for the
dead, has always been found to occupy a place,” Two Babylons, p. 167.
Molech
worship was an example of various pagan systems which believed that fire was necessary to cleanse one from
sin. Israelites were repeatedly
forbidden to let their seed “pass through the fire to Molech,” Leviticus 18:21; Jeremiah 32:35; II Kings
23:10. Molech (whom some identify
with Bel or Nimrod), was worshipped with human sacrifices, purifications,
mutilation, vows of celibacy and virginity, etc. Sometimes, Molech was represented as an idol with fire inside, so
a baby placed in his arms was consumed.
Lest the parents should relent, a noise of loud drums was sounded at the
moment of fiery sacrifice to hide the screams.
The word for drums is tophim,
from which comes the word, “Tophet,” Jeremiah
7:31.
Payments,
mutilations, and all human efforts are insufficient and worthless in purging
our sins. “For by grace are ye saved
through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: not of works,
lest any man should boast,” Ephesians
2:8-9.
Pope: Vicar of Christ or Anti-Christ?
At the
top of the Roman Catholic hierarchy is the Pope, said to be the successor of
the Apostle Peter. The entire framework
of Roman Catholicism is based on the claim that Peter was Rome’s first
bishop. Scriptures show an equality among members of the
Church. Christ, not the Pope, “is the
head of the Church,” Ephesians 5:23. Religious hierarchies are not godly, and
condemned by Christ, Mark 10:35-43. We are not to use the flattering title
“father” (the word Pope means father), Rabbi, or Master, because we are all
brethren, Matthew 23:4-10. The scripture says that Christ, not Peter,
is the Rock upon which the Church is to be built, Matthew 16:18. Peter
himself declared that Christ was the foundation rock, I Peter 2:4-8. The Church was built on Christ, Acts 4:11-12; I Corinthians 3:11.
Not
until the time of Calixtus, who was Bishop of Rome from A.D. 218-223, was Matthew 16:18 used in an attempt to
prove the Church was built upon Peter.
Peter was not a Pope! He was
married, Matthew 8:14;
I Corinthians 9:5. Peter would
not allow men to bow down to him, Acts
10:25-26. Peter did not place
tradition on a level with the word of God, I
Peter 1:18. On the day of
Pentecost, Peter did not ask people to have a little water poured on them, but
“Repent and be baptized [immersed] everyone of you in the name of Jesus Christ
for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost [Spirit],”
Acts 2:38. Peter was no Pope, for he wore no crown; he was looking forward
to the crown of glory at the resurrection, I
Peter 5:4. In short, Peter never
acted like a Pope, never dressed like a Pope, never spoke like a Pope, never
wrote like a Pope, and people did not approach him as a Pope.
As
shown on Pentecost, Peter did take a prominent position of leadership in the
early Church. His name is always listed
first among the apostles, Matthew 10:2;
Mark 3:16; Luke 6:14; Acts 1:13.
But, Paul was not behind the chiefest of the apostles, II Corinthians 12:11. Peter, James, and John were pillars in the
Church, Galatians 2:9. Paul wrote 2,325 verses of the New
Testament, while Peter wrote only 166 verses.
Paul stood up to Peter when he was to be blamed, Galatians 2:11. This would
be strange were Peter an “infallible” Pope!
Paul
was called “the Apostle of the Gentiles,” Romans
11:13, whereas Peter’s ministry was primarily to the Jews, Galatians 2:7-9. Rome was the chief Gentile city. It is likely that the Apostle Peter never
went to Rome, even though tradition says he did (A.D. 42-67). In 44, Peter was in Jerusalem at the
Council; about 53, Paul joined him in Antioch (Galatians 2:11). About A.D.
58, Paul wrote his letter to the Christians at Rome, greeting twenty-seven
persons, but never mentions Peter.
There was, however, a “peter” who did go to Rome. Details on this history is given in the
article, “Simon Magus,” by Ernest L. Martin.
Simon
the sorcerer of Samaria was a leader in the mystery religion. The
Catholic Encyclopedia admits that Justin Martyr and other early writers
inform us that Simon the Sorcerer (Acts
8:5-25) afterwards went to Rome, worked miracles by the power of demons,
received divine honors, and “no doubt founded some sort of religion as a
counterfeit of Christianity which he claimed to play a part analogous to that
of Christ,” article “Impostors,” p. 699.
In
ancient Chaldea, the Supreme Pontiff of paganism bore the title “peter,”
(interpreter or opener of the mysteries).
The Hebrew word “peter,” is translated “openeth” in verses like Exodus 13:2. From Pergamos on the west coast of what is now Turkey, the
headquarters of paganism shifted to Rome.
In 63 B.C., Roman Emperor Julius Caesar was officially recognized as the
“Pontifex Maximus.” Subsequent Roman
Emperors continued to be heads of the mystery religion until A.D. 378, when
Demasus, bishop of Rome, was elected Pontifex Maximus. Subsequent Popes have continued to hold this
pagan title.
In
Mithraism, one of the main branches of mystery religions which came to Rome,
the sun-god carried two keys. Romans
believed in Janus, who held keys. Keys
are symbolic of the authority to open and close. “Pontiff” means “bridge-maker,” one who can open and shut
doors. In Matthew 16:19, Christ said, “I will give unto thee the keys of the
kingdom of Heaven.” The key given to
Peter and all the other disciples was the message
of the gospel, whereby people could enter the kingdom of God. In pagan
religion, however, the keys represented religious rulership over the people,
which is contrary to the Bible. The
head priest of Mithraism was called the Pater
Patrum, or Father of Fathers, exactly as the title of the Pope (papa).
Vestments
of the Roman clergy are direct legacies from pagan Rome. Dagon, the fish-god (dag in Hebrew means fish), was popular among the heathen
Philistines, Judges 16:21-30; I Samuel
5:5-6. Priests of Dagon had a fish
mitre on their head, and a fan-like tail of a fish as part of their garments,
just like the pope and Catholic leaders do today.
Processions
of the Pope, being carried on a chair in full regalia with a giant feather fan,
are copied from Egyptian priest-king processions.
It is
no secret that many Popes in the Middle Ages were some of the most sexually vile,
evil, wicked, murderous individuals of all time. Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) was singularly wicked, who said
“to enjoy oneself and to lie carnally with women or with boys is no more a sin
than rubbing one’s hands together.”
Yet, this was the Pope who in 1302 issued the well-known Unam Sanctum which officially declared
that the Roman Catholic Church is the only
true church, outside of which no one can be saved, and says, “We,
therefore, assert, define and pronounce that it is necessary to salvation to believe that every human being is subject
to the Pontiff of Rome.” Should a
sinful Pope be obeyed? Here is the
official Catholic affirmation: “A sinful pope . . . remains a member of the
(visible) church and is to be treated as a sinful, unjust ruler for whom we
must pray, but from whom we may not
withdraw our obedience,” Catholic
Encyclopedia, article “Councils,” p. 435.
The Truth is, that salvation is not dependent upon a line of wicked men
who claim to trace their authority back to Peter. Salvation is found in Christ alone!
Popes Infallible?
Although
six Popes rejected the idea that Popes are infallible, in 1870, the Vatican
Council nevertheless made papal infallibility a church dogma. This teaching says that the Roman Pontiff,
when he speaks ex cathedra (i.e., in
his office as pastor and teacher of all Christians), and defines a doctrine of
faith or morals to be held by the entire church, that he is infallible, and
consequently such decisions are irreformable.
However,
Pope after Pope contradicted previous Popes.
And, Popes have taken to themselves lofty titles, such as “Most Holy
Lord,” “Vicar of Christ,” “the mouth of Jesus Christ,” etc. On June 20, 1894, Pope Leo XIII said, “We
hold upon the earth the place of God Almighty.”
As
early as 1612, Andreas Helwig pointed out in his book, Roman Antichrist, that the title “Vicar of Christ” in Latin, Vicarivs Filii Dei, has a numerical
value of 666 (see Revelation 13:18). Numerous other names and titles add up to
the same auspicious number. The
original name of Rome was Saturnia,
the secret name revealed only to initiates of the Chaldean mysteries, which in
Chaldean was spelled STUR. In their
language, S represented 60, T was 400, U was 6, and R was 200, for a total of
666. Nero Caesar in Hebrew comes to
666. The Greek letters of the word Lateinos (Latin) come to 666, as well as
the Hebrew of Romulus, Romiith, the founder of Rome. The six letters which make up the Roman numeral system also add
up to 666. D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10,
V=5, I=1. In the Bible itself, we read
that each year, King Solomon received 666 talents of gold, I Kings 10:14. Wealth
played an important part in leading him astray. In the New Testament, the letters of the Greek word euporia, translated “wealth,” in Acts 19:25, add up to 666, as
does the word paradosis, translated
“tradition” in Matthew 15:2. Wealth and tradition were the two great
corruptors of the Roman Church, then and now.
Wealth corrupted practice and honesty; tradition corrupted doctrine.
Inquisition, Then and Now
Numerous
Popes promulgated “bulls,” official documents, which encouraged torture and
murder of those who opposed the Roman Catholic religious system. The methods of gruesome torture devised
during the period of the Inquisition are a testimony to the corrupt influence
of Satanically-inspired human beings apart from God. Ten thousand Huguenots (French Protestants) were killed in the
bloody Paris massacre on “St. Bartholomew’s Day,” 1572. The French king went to mass to return
solemn thanks that so many “heretics” were slain. The papal court rejoiced at the news, and Pope Gregory XIII in grand procession, went to the Church of
St. Louis to offer thanks. Inquisition
was ordered by papal decree and confirmed by Pope after Pope.
This
does not detract from Hitler’s Pope, Pius XII, who abetted the Nazi
regime. Hitler would never have come to
power had it not been for Catholic support.
While Jews and others died in Nazi concentration camps, the Pope and
others who knew what was going on were silent.
And, after the war, the church was instrumental in helping Nazis to
escape via the infamous “ratlines.”
There
appears to be nothing new, no change of heart, in the Roman system. Repentance, not political apologies, is the
only avenue for those enmeshed in the Romish system of Babylon. The way to repent for papists is to renounce
the Babylonish system, to come out of her.
“Lords Over God’s Heritage”
The
highest-ranking officials of the Roman Catholic Church, next to the Pope, are
cardinals. You won’t find cardinals mentioned in the Bible. The original
cardinals were a group of leading priests in the ancient pagan religion of
Rome, long before the Christian era.
The word “cardinal” comes from the Latin cardo, meaning “hinge,” those who were pivotal leaders. They were priests of Janus, the pagan god of
doors and hinges. Even today, the word,
“janitor,” a keeper of doors, comes from Janus, known as “the opener and shutter.” As we know, only Christ opens and shuts
doors, Revelation 3:7-8. Hislop reports, “The college of Cardinals,
with the Pope at its head, is just the counterpart of the pagan college of
Pontiffs, with its Pontifex Maximus, or Sovereign Pontiff, which is known to
have been framed on the model of the grand original Council of Pontiffs at
Babylon,” Two Babylons, p. 206. Cardinals wear red garments. It not surprising that images of Chaldeans
had vermillion (bright red). From
ancient times, red or scarlet has been associated with sin, Isaiah 1:18. Adultery is sometimes called the scarlet sin, and houses of
prostitution are in the “red light district.”
Bishops
are mentioned in the Bible, but here again, Catholic tradition perverts the
Truth. The word, “cathedral,” comes
from cathedra, meaning “throne.” A cathedral, unlike other churches, is one
in which the throne of a bishop is located.
Acts 20:17, 28; Titus 1:5, 7
indicate that bishops, elders, pastors, overseers, are the same office. Each Church had several elders who were also
bishops. We are warned to avoid the
doctrine of the Nicolaitans, which comes from the word nikao, “to conquer,” and laos,
“laity,” which refers to the notion of a priestly order over the people. Peter instructs Church leaders not to be
“lords over God’s heritage,” I Peter
5:1-3. The word translated “heritage”
is kleeron, which means
“clergy.” All spirit-begotten children
of God are His heritage, His “clergy.”
God has a ministry for all His people, not just a special priestly
class. Elders (plural) are to be
ordained in every city, Acts 14:19-23;
James 5:14. We believers are a
royal priesthood, Revelation 1:6; I
Peter 2:9. We are not to give
flattering titles to religious leaders, Job
32:21; Matthew 23:9-12. “Pope” is a
variation of the title “father,” Catholic priests are called “fathers.” And so it was that in one of the leading
branches of the mystery religion which came to Rome, Mithraism, the priests
were called “fathers,” and the head priest who always lived at Rome was called Pater Patrrum, “father of fathers.” Since Christ told us not to call religious
leaders “father,” and pagan priests of Rome used this title, did the Catholics
get this practice from the Bible, or from paganism?
The
Bible gives us an example of a pagan priest being called “father,” Judges 17:10. Catholics use the title, “Monsignor,” meaning “My Lord.” One of the meanings of “arch” is master, and Catholics use titles such as
archbishop, archpriest, and archdeacon.
Not to be outdone, English clergy uses titles such as “The Reverend,”
“The Right Reverend,” etc., while the Bible uses “reverend” only in reference
to God Himself, Psalm 111:9.
Sexual excess goes hand in hand with
celibacy. Strange as it sounds, it is
said that Queen Semiramis invented clerical celibacy (Hislop, p. 219). When the worship of Cybele, the Babylonian
goddess, was introduced into pagan Rome, it came in its primitive form, with
its celibate clergy. As in pagan times,
temple celibates were actually involved in licentious sexual practices. “Forbidding to marry” led to sexual
license. This has shown its ugly head
many times during the history of the Roman Catholic Church, although doubtless,
many priests have been faithful to their vows of celibacy.
Forbidding
priests to marry (contrary to I Timothy
4:1-3), along with the practice of the confessional
was bound to cause some weak individuals to sin. There is a tremendous power that a priest has over someone that
is bound to divulge their sins to a priest, a practice held to be necessary for
salvation. The Bible says we should
confess our faults one to another, James
5:16, not to a priest. The idea of
confessing to a priest came, not from the Bible, but from Babylon. Secret confession was required before
complete initiation was granted into the Babylonian mysteries. Such priestly confession was practiced in
Medo-Persia, Egypt, and Rome, long before the Christian Era.
Almost
everywhere you look at the Romish system, you find pagan origins. Even the usual black color of clergy
garments worn by priests and some Protestants, follows the custom of the
priests of Baal, chemarims, who wore
black garments, Zephaniah 1:4; II Kings
23:5. As Adam Clarke notes, they
were called kemarim, from camar, which means dark, black. He says that Jews today call Christian
missionaries kemarim, because of
their black clothes and garments.
Another practice of the Catholic priesthood is that of tonsure, the rite
of shaving the top of the head in a round circle. Buddhist priests, the priests of Osiris of Egypt, priests of
Bacchus, and Mithra priests, also practiced tonsure, the round tonsure
imitating a solar disk. Such was
forbidden of God’s people, “They shall not make baldness upon their head,” Leviticus
21:5, 19:27.
Any
similarity between the Catholic ministry and hierarchy, and true ministers of
God, is purely accidental.
The Idolatrous Mass
The Catholic Encyclopedia states, “In the celebration of the Holy Mass, the bread and wine are
changed into the body and blood of Christ.
It is called transubstantiation,
for in the Sacrament of the Eucharist the
substance of bread and wine do not remain, but the entire substance of bread is changed into the body of Christ, and the entire substance of wine is changed into his blood, the species or outward semblance of bread and wine alone
remaining,” article, “Consecration,” p. 277.
Jesus,
in His last Passover meal with the disciples, said of the bread, “Take eat;
this is my body,” and of the cup, “Drink ye all of it; for this is My blood,” Matthew 26:26-28. Was this meant to be taken literally or
symbolically? The Bible answers
clearly. When some of David’s men
risked their lives to bring him water from Bethlehem, he refused it, saying,
“Is not this the blood of the men
that went in jeopardy of their lives?” II
Samuel 23:17. The Bible speaks of
Jesus as a “door,” “vine,” and “rock,” John
10:9, 15:5; I Corinthians 10:4, and we recognize these statements as
figurative and symbolic.
If the
wine of the communion table became actual blood, to drink it would be forbidden
by the Bible, Deuteronomy 12:16; Acts
15:20. Many Christian martyrs have
lost their lives rather than partake of the idolatrous mass, in which the
priest claims to literally have the power to create God. The Council of Trent proclaimed that belief
in transubstantiation was essential to salvation. In offering up the mass, the priest believes he is actually
sacrificing Christ, a renewal of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross. The Bible, however, says Christ gave His
life by one sacrifice for ever, Hebrews
10:10-14, 9:25-28.
After
the priest blesses the bread (thinks he changes it into Christ), he places a
wafer in the center of a sunburst stand called the monstrance. Catholics bow
and worship this wafer god. Likewise,
in Egypt, a cake was consecrated by a priest and was supposed to become the
flesh of Osiris. Similar rites occurred in Mithraism and in ancient
Mexico. Heathen priests ate a portion
of all sacrifices. In cases of human
sacrifice, priests of Baal were required to eat human flesh. Thus we have the word, “cannibal,” which
comes from “Cahan-Bal,” priest of Baal.
The
wafer of Eucharist is round. Jesus, at
His last Passover, merely broke the unleavened bread, which does not break into
round pieces. Round wafers are another
symbol of Baal, or the sun. Round cakes
were used in the ancient mysteries of Egypt, Mithraism, and elsewhere. Sun images adorn the top of the famous
baldachinum, the 95-foot high canopy inside the Vatican. Israelite reformers broke down the altars of
Baal and the sun images (margin), II Chronicles
34:4. The round Eucharist wafers
often have a cross on them, exactly as Assyrian wafers used in worship. Passover is observed at night, but Catholics usually observe Mass in the early morning, similar to Mithraists who
observed their sacred meetings in the early morning in honor of the sun. Contrast the elaborate ritual of the
idolatrous Catholic Mass to the simple Christian Passover!
Three
Days and Three Nights
In
Chapter 18, Woodrow provides clear proof for a Wednesday crucifixion, Sabbath
resurrection, with Jesus in the tomb exactly three days and three nights, 72
hours, as He said in Matthew 12:40.
The
strongest proof of this fact is Mark 16:1 and Luke 23:56. In Mark 16:1-2, we read, “And when
the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James, and Salome,
had bought sweet spices that they might come and anount Him, and very early in
the morning the first day of the week, they came unto the sepulchre at the
rising of the sun.” The Interlinear
Bible shows that “bought” rather than “had bought” is the proper
translation. Note that it is “bought,”
not “brought.” It was after the Sabbath
when these women bought their spices.
Then, Luke 23:56 reports that after seeing Jesus’ body in the sepulchre,
the women “returned, and prepared spices and ointments: and rested the Sabbath
day according to the commandment.”
There were two Sabbaths in question here: the annual Sabbath (first day
of Unleavened Bread, see John 19:14, 31), and the weekly Sabbath.
Jesus kept the fourteenth Passover on Tuesday
evening. He was crucified and buried on
Wednesday, Passover day. Thursday was
the high day annual Sabbath. The women
bought burial spices on Friday, prepared them, and then rested on the weekly
Sabbath. On the first day of the week
they came to anoint Jesus’ body but found the tomb empty because He was
risen. Surely, the commonly accepted
Good Friday, Easter Sunday resurrection is a false tradition of men!
The
Catholic practice of abstaining from red meat on Friday, and instead eating
fish on Friday, is derived from their false teaching of a Friday
crucifixion. Scriptures never associate
fish with Friday. The word “Friday”
comes from “Freya,” the teutonic fertility goddess symbolized by fish, who lay
prolific amounts of eggs. Freya is the
same as the Roman Venus, goddess of fertility, for whom the fish was regarded
as sacred. Likewise, in the Israelite
worship of Ashtoreth and Egyptian worship of Isis, the fish symbolized the
fertility goddess.
In Acts
12:4, “Easter” is a mistranslation.
The Greek word is pascha, which means Passover. There is no association between the Biblical
Passover and the pagan Easter spring festival.
Easter comes from Astarte or Ishtar.
Easter customs, such as colored eggs, come from Babylon. The Babylonians believed a huge egg fell
from heaven into the Eurphrates River, from which Astarte (Easter) was
hatched. Colored Easter eggs symbolize
the fertility goddess Easter.
The Catholic Encyclopedia admits that
“Because the use of eggs was forbidden during Lent, they were brought to the
table of Easter Day, colored red to symbolize the Easter joy. . . . The custom
may have its origin in paganism, for a great many pagan customs celebrating the
return of spring, gravitated to Easter.”
The Encylopaedia Britannica notes, “The rabbit is a pagan symbol
and has always been an emblem of fertility.”
Sunrise
worship has long been associated with paganism. From Japanese Shintoists to pagan Mithrists of Rome, meeting
together to worship facing the rising sun has long been practiced. Priests of Baal first began their worship in
the morning, I Kings 18:26. The
Bible condemns pagan sun worship, Ezekiel 8:16. Jesus was not resurrected at sunrise on
Sunday morning, but just before sunset on Saturday afternoon. Once again, pagan customs have been freely
incorporated into Catholic worship practice.
Legend
has it that Tammuz was killed by a wild boar when he was forty years old. Forty days were set aside to weep for
Tammuz, with fasting, weeping, and self-chastisement. See Ezekiel 8:14.
This observance was known not only in Babylon, but also among the
Phoenicians, Egyptians, Mexicans, and for a time, even among the
Israelites. The Catholic
Encyclopedia admits there are no apostolic observances of Lent, which was
not commanded by the Pope until the sixth century, when Catholics were ordered
not to eat meat for forty days of Lent.
The
word “Chrstmas” is a contradictory word.
It links “Christ,” the Son of God, with “mass,” the idolatrous and
blasphemous Roman Catholic ritual.
Jesus could not have been born on December 25. Shepherds in Judaea brought their flocks in for the winter before
the end of October. The Catholic
Encyclopedia admits, “Christmas was not among the earliest festivals of the
Church. Irenaeus and Tertullian omit it
from their lists of feasts.” It was not
until late in the fourth century when the Roman Church began observing December
25th. Coincidentally(?), the date chosen for the birth of Christ was
on the same date as the birth of Sol, the pagan sun-god from Mithraism. The winter solstice festival of Rome, the
Saturnalia, influenced many Christmas customs, including the giving of gifts. Note that the wise men presented gifts to
Jesus, not to themselves, and they came not when He was lying in a manger, but
when He was in a house, Matthew 2:9-11.
The Christmas tree has its roots in pagan tree
worship. An old Babylonian fable told
of an evergreen tree which sprang out of a dead tree stump. The old stump symbolized the dead Nimrod,
and the new evergreen tree symbolized that Nimrod had come back to life again
in Tammuz. In Rome, the sacred fir was
decorated with red berries during the Saturnalia. In at least ten Biblical references, including I Kings 14:23,
the green tree is associated with idolatry and false worship. Jeremiah 10:3-4 seems to be referring
to a type of Christmas tree used in pagan worship. Although probably well-intentioned, many who observe Christmas
customs today ignore the clear facts that most of these customs have pagan
origins, and we are told not to follow the ways of the heathen, Deuteronomy
12:29-32.
Pagan Festivals, or God’s Holy Days?
The pagan
origin of Easter, Christmas, Valentines’s Day, Halloween, and a host of other
Catholic holidays is so well-known that we should need little review. Any encyclopedia, or newspaper during these
seasons, usually gives well-documented facts.
These holidays were borrowed directly from paganism, with a little
brushing off to make them appear “Christian.”
And so
it is that God’s Holy Days are often neglected, while worldly holidays of pagan
origin appear to be more appealing to carnal humanity. And today in the Church of God, there is a
curious longing to return to what we came out of. The mixture of paganism and
some Bible Truth is a deadly poison.
This is the cup which the Babylonish system has made all the world to
drink. It is not limited to the Roman
Catholic Church of Rome, but she certainly plays a major role in today’s
religious deception.
A Poisonous Mixture
The
Romish system is based upon a mixture.
That was the same as the apostasy into which the Israelites repeatedly
fell. Usually Israel did not reject
outright the worship of the true God, but mixed heathen rites with it. When they worshipped the golden calf, the
Israelites claimed it was a “feast to
the Lord,” Exodus 32:5. Not content with the tabernacle of God, they
added the tabernacle of Moloch and Chiun, with pagan images, Amos 5:26; Acts 7:42-43. At another period, Israel performed secret
rites, built high places and groves, used divination, caused their children to
pass through the fire, and worshipped the sun, moon, and stars, II Kings 17:9-17. As a result, God allowed them to be expelled
from their land. Mixture was apparent
during the time of both judges and kings.
At the time of Ezekiel, an idol was placed right at the entrance of the
Jerusalem temple. Some even sacrificed their
children, and came that very day to the sanctuary, Ezekiel 23:38-39.
Jeremiah’s message was aimed at people who claimed to “worship the
Lord,” Jeremiah 7:2, but had mixed
in pagan rites. “Behold, ye trust in lying words, that cannot profit. Ye . . . burn incense unto Baal, and walk
after other gods . . . make cakes to the queen of heaven . . . and come and
stand before me in this house,” Jeremiah
7:8-18.
The
Eternal does not accept religious mixtures.
If Baal be god, then serve him, but if Yahweh is God, then serve Him, I Kings 18:21. God was not pleased with a religious mixture
then, nor is He now. As Samuel
preached, “If ye do return unto the Lord with all your hearts, then put away
the strange gods and Ashtaroth [pagan mother goddess worship] from among you,
and prepare your hearts unto the Lord, and serve Him only: and He will deliver you,” I Samuel 7:3.
Today,
many believe that the Roman System has changed. With Vatican II, non-Catholic, professing Christians are not considered
heretics, but “separated brethren.”
Don’t kid yourselves. Satan
appears as an angel of light, II Corinthians
11:14. Jesus warned about “wolves
in sheep’s clothing,” Matthew 7:15. The same Babylon mystery system has always
oppressed free men who seek to serve God in sincerity and Truth. My people are destroyed for lack of
knowledge that is available to them (see Hosea 4:6). Come out of her, My people, Revelation, 18:4. Let us earnestly contend for the true faith
once delivered to the saints, Jude 3.
Ralph
Woodrow concludes his excellent book, Mystery
Babylon Religion, with this stirring summary: “We believe the true
Christian goal is not religion based on mixture, but a return to the original,
simple, powerful, and spiritual faith that was once delivered to the
saints. No longer entangling ourselves
in a maze of rituals or powerless traditions, we can find the ‘simplicity that
is in Christ’, rejoicing in the ‘liberty wherewith Christ has made us free’
from ‘bondage’.” (II Corinthians 11:3;
Galatians 5:1).
“Salvation
is not dependent on a human priest, Mary, the saints, or the pope. Jesus said, ‘I am the way, the truth, and
the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me’ (John 14:6). ‘Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is
none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved’ (Acts 4:12). Let us look to JESUS who is the author and finisher of our faith,
the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, the Lamb of God, the Captain of
our Salvation, the Bread from Heaven, the Water of Life, the Good Shepherd, the
Prince of Peace, the King of kings and Lord of lords!” (Woodrow, p. 161).
May
the Almighty guide us all to come totally out of Babylon!
Resources from Giving & Sharing
For
many years, Giving & Sharing distributed the 177-page book, Babylon
Mystery Religion, by Ralph Woodrow.
This wonderful book has led thousands to depart from Babylonian
religions. Sadly, Woodrow now rejects
much of the Truth he once taught. He
refuses to give us permission to republish his copyrighted book. However, you may borrow a copy. We ask for a
suggested donation of $3.00 to cover postage and handling. Please return it in
30 days. Write to: Giving
& Sharing, Box 100, Neck City, MO 64849.
These
items distributed by Giving & Sharing relative to pagan religious practices
and Babylonianism are available on the Internet at http://www.giveshare.org/babylon/ and also in print from Giving &
Sharing:
The Two Babylons, by
Alexander Hislop, 352 pages, suggested donation, $14.
“Satan’s
Great Deception,” by Dr. C. Paul Meredith, 54-pages, suggested donation, $7.50.
“A
City on Seven Hills,” by Dave Hunt, Study 150, 19 pages, $2 donation.
“Simon
Magus,” by Ernest L. Martin, 25-page reprint, suggested donation, $3.
Free booklets: “The
Plain Truth About Christmas,” “Easter is Pagan!” “Where Did Halloween Come
From?”
For
above items, please write to: Giving & Sharing, Box 100, Neck City,
MO 64849.
The
following items are available from The
Bible Sabbath Association, 3316 Alberta Drive, Gillette, WY 82718 (please
add 10% for postage, 20% international):
Paganism Surviving in Christianity, by A.H. Lewis, 135-page reprint of 1892 edition, $9.
History of the Jesuits, by James Arrabito. VHS (NTSC
format) 2-hour video, $21 to keep, or $5 for 14-day LOAN.
A Woman Rides the Beast, the Roman Catholic Church
in the Last Days, by Dave Hunt. 552-page book $10, 58-minute VHS video, $20
to keep, or $5 for 14-day LOAN.
“Inside
the Catholic Catechism,” 25 pp., $3.50.
Primitive Christianity in Crisis, Nicolaitan Christianity for Our Time, by Alan Knight, 273 pages, $15.
— written by
Richard C. Nickels