Uncovering Scandinavian
Roots
by Robert C. Boraker
Who are the ancestors of today’s Scandinavians? Here is their intriguing
history — traced back to 700 B.C.
Few people today know the truth about Nordic origins.
Where did the people of Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland and Denmark
come from? Why do they have so much in common with the British and Americans?
The answers to these questions are startling.
Family and National History
The study of family history is a popular hobby among both Americans and
Europeans. It became even more well-known after Alex Haley published his family
history in the book entitled Roots. This book was later serialized in a
television epic that captured the eyes of millions.
Related families anciently made up a tribe. And tribes developed later
into nations. The study of family history therefore often leads to the study of
a nation’s origins — digging way back to its roots.
To find the roots of either a family or a nation, one method is to begin
with what is known in the present era. Then trace the thread of evidence back
through the centuries to the dim or unknown past.
Tracing Scandinavian roots in history is a fascinating study. Working
like a detective, clues and evidence must be searched for, gathered together
and sifted. Each piece is then placed in the puzzle to form a picture revealing
the origins of the Nordic nations.
Where to Search
What do archaeologists, historians and classical writers say about the
peoples who settled in Scandinavia? Some of the best sources of information are
rare books to be found only in the best libraries of the world. In these many
and varied documents of recorded history, four important items to look for are:
names, dates, places and relationships.
Children in European schools learn about the Vikings, Danes, Jutes and
Normans — the Scandinavians of recent times. The Viking Age (700‑900
A.D.) was an important period of early Scandinavian history. That was a time
when Viking Norsemen spread throughout Europe and as far away as Iceland,
Greenland and North America.
Earlier at the end of the first century A.D., Tacitus wrote about people
in Scandinavia. He called one of their tribes the Suiones. They were known for
having powerful fleets. “The shape of their ships differs from the normal in
having a prow at both ends which is always ready to be put into shore” (par.
44, Germania, Penguin Classics translation). That is an accurate
description of the Viking longboat.
The Suiones mentioned by Tacitus were also known as the Svear. The word
Svear or Sviar is constantly used in the Nordic Sagas to denote the inhabitants
of Sweden. Swedish stamps give the name of the country as “Sverige.” It comes
from Svea rike — meaning “the kingdom of the Svear.”
The empire of the Svear was in the territory around Lake Malar near
where Stockholm is today. This empire “was called the Lesser Svithiod, or
Sweden, in contrast to the Larger Svithiod, or Scythia, from whence they had
emigrated” (Vol. 1, page 79, Scandinavia by Andrew Crichton and Henry
Wheaton).
Great Scythia was the area around the Black and Caspian Seas. When the
Svear arrived in Scandinavia, they found the country already inhabited by “the
Goths, who had emigrated thither at a remote period, veiled from the eyes of
history,” says Henry Wheaton in his book History of the Northmen.
Scandinavian Goths
Paul Siding begins his history of Scandinavia by saying, “The present
inhabitants of Denmark, as well as of Norway and Sweden, are successors of the
enormous Gothic tribe formerly dwelling round about the Black Sea” (page
19, Scandinavian Races).
Notice that both the Svear and the Goths came from the area of the Black
Sea. At the mouth of the Danube on the western shore is the area of Getae and
Dacia in Roman times. According to Procopius, who wrote his history in the
fifth century, Romans “say that the Goths are of the Getic race” (Book V. xxiv,
30).
The Getae are mentioned in the history of Herodotus (fifth century
B.C.). In the translation by George Rawlinson, his brother Sir Henry gives this
footnote: “The identity of the Getae with the Goths of later times is more than
a plausible conjecture. It may be regarded as historically certain” (Vol. III,
page 84, 1862 edition).
Jordanes, the best known Gothic historian, always speaks of the Getae
and Goths as one people. He also calls them “Scythae.”
We find more evidence in other historical accounts. For example, “The
Pictish Chronicle declares that the Scythians and Goths had a common origin”
(page 216, The Races of Ireland and Scotland by W. C. Mackenzie).
The evidence also indicates that the Getae were the same kind of people
as the Dacians. They both spoke the same language according to Strabo (7.3.13).
Pliny says that the Getae were called Dacians by the Romans (Book IV, xxi, 80).
Duchesne, who collected the Norman chronicles in the seventeenth
century, has no doubt whatever that the Normans were Dacians and consistently
calls them by that name in his preface.
Dudo, who wrote the earliest history of the Normans in the tenth
century, also had no doubt that they came from Scythia beyond the Danube. He
also said they were Dacians.
The Cimbri in Denmark
The Svear and Goths were not the only founders of the great Scandinavian
race. We also need to consider the Danes, Jutes and Cimbri. The Cimbri gave
their name to the Jutland and Holstein area of Denmark. It was formerly called
the Cimbrica Chersonesus or Cimbric Peninsula.
Where did the Cimbri come from? When Henry Long wrote about the early
geography of Europe, he had no doubts when he said: “Strabo (vii, 2,2) informs
us that the Cimbri were the same people called by the Greeks Cimmerii. Under
this name, we find them in two widely different positions at the northwestern
and north‑eastern extremities of the then known world — in the peninsula
of Jutland upon the German Ocean (Baltic) and in that of Tauris in the Black
Sea” (pages 70‑71), Early Geography of Western Europe, 1859).
Here again is another root leading us back to the Black Sea. There is
also a connection with the Dacians and Getae. Notice what Anderson’s Royal
Genealogies has to say about it:
The Cimbri were in time expelled by the Scythlans, and wandering westward into Europe, after long travels arrived at this Chersonesus, called from them Cimbrica; and the Danes, called by Ptolemy Dauciones and Gutae, soon invaded that part of this peninsula, called from them Jutland to this day, and mixing with the Cimbri became one nation, called by the ancients All Cimbri in general” (page 415).
The term “Scythians” is sometimes applied by historians to a particular
people and sometimes to all the nomad tribes in the vast territory north of the
Black and Caspian Seas. It is this area where we must find the roots of the
Scandinavian peoples.
The Gimirrai
The Cimmerians were the oldest inhabitants of Scythia. Their history can
be traced back to near the close of the eighth century B.C. in Assyrian
records.
A collection of letters preserved in Ashurbanipal’s library inform us of
events in the Urartu area of Armenia during the years 707‑706 B.C.
Included in this collection were reports from Assyrian frontier posts. One said
the king of Urartu came into “the land of Gamir” and had to be forced back.
For many years E. D. Phillips studied the history of the nomads in
Scythia. He says the Cimmerians “appear
late in the eighth century on the northern border of the Kingdom of Urartu as the Gimirrai or Gamir of Assyrian records” (page 52, The
Royal Hordes, Nomad Peoples of the Steppes). Other historians agree that
the Gimirrai were the “Kimmerioi” Cimmerians of the Greeks.
There is also a connection with the biblical Gomer in Hosea’s prophecy. Notice that the prophet Hosea married a woman called “Gomer” (Hos. 1:3). She represented the unfaithfulness and slavery of the ten tribes of the House of Israel (chapter 3).
This prophecy indicates that the northern ten tribes of Israel would
also be called “Gomer” while in captivity.
The Israelites were actually known as Gomerians or Cimmerians.
Tiglath Pileser III was the first king of Assyria to invade northern
Israel. He deported Israelites to Assyria during the reign of Pekah (II Kings
15:29). This event is confirmed by the ancient records of Assyria.
The inscription of Tiglath‑Pileser ill says, “The land of Bit‑Humria,
all of its people together with their goods I carried off to Assyria” (Vol. 1,
par. 816). Ancient Records of Babylonia and Assyria by Lukenbill).
Historians have found no mention of the exiled Israelites in ancient records because the Assyrians did not call them “Israel.” They referred to Israel as “Bit Humria” or “Bit-Khumri.” Why? That name means the “land of Omri.” They probably used that name because Omri built Samaria as the capital city of northern Israel (I Kings 16:24).
Omri was originally pronounced as “Ghomri” according to Dr. T.G. Pinches
in his book Assyria and Babylonia, (page 339). That is why the Assyrian
names for the captive Israelites were Beth‑Omri, Bit‑Khumri, Bit‑Humri
and Bit‑Ghumri. The Ghumri or
Ghomri later were known as the “Gamera.” By the time of Esarhaddon (681‑669
B.C.), Ghomri was written as Gimirrai.
Assyrian records say the Gamir or Gimirrai were living in northern Media
in 707 B.C. — in exactly the same place where some of the Israelites were
placed in captivity only fourteen years earlier.
The
Israelites in Swedish History?
Shalmaneser V was the Assyrian king who finally besieged Samaria. He
took the Israelites into exile — settling them on the Habor river and in the
cities of the Medes (II Kings 17:6). At least one Swedish historian understood
the truth about what happened to their descendants centuries later.
In his scholarly‑produced History of Sweden (Svea‑rikes
Historia), Dalin says “Shepherd‑Scythians,” called Vodiner or
Budiner, came to the Swedish islands around 400 B.C. because of pressure from
Philip and Alexander of Macedonia. He says another race joined them, which was
a mixture of Scythians, Greeks and Hebrews. They were called Neuri. According
to Dalin, they were the ancestors of the Finns, Lapps and Estonians.
“Concerning the Neuri,” Dalin continues, ‘lit should be noted that they
seem to be remnants of the Ten Tribes of Israel which Shalmaneser, king of
Assyria, brought as captives out of Canaan.” When one realises certain
characteristics in which “the language of the ancient Finns, Lapps and
Estonians is similar to the Hebrew and even that this people in ancient times
reckoned their year’s beginning from the first of March, and Saturday as their
Sabbath, then one sees that the Neuri in all probability had this origin”
(pages 54‑55, Svea‑rikes Historia, Volume 1, 1747).
The Behistun Rock
The inscription on the rock cliff at Behistun in northern Persia has
been a key to interpreting the languages of the ancient East. It also gives us
a clue as to the names Israel bore in captivity. The inscription gives the
names of 23 provinces in three languages that were subject to Darius Hystaspes.
In the Persian and Susian languages, one of the provinces listed is
“Scythia” (from the phonetic word Saka). But in the Babylonian language, the
same province is called the “land of the Cimmerians.” It was translated from
the phonetic word “Gimiri.”
Sir Henry Rawlinson, who first copied and translated the inscription,
considered the name “Gimiri” to be the Babylonian equivalent of “the tribes”
(Vol. III, page 183, History of Herodotus translated by George Rawlinson,
1862).
Sir Henry also expressed his view that “we have reasonable grounds for
regarding the Gimiri, or Cimmerians, who first appeared in the confines of
Assyria and Media in the seventh century B.C., and the Sacae of the Behistun
Rock nearly two centuries later, as identical with Israel” (page 61, Great
Britain’s Rank Among the Nations, by R.N. Adams).
That is the startling truth! The House of Israel was captive in Assyria
and Media. In the land of their captivity, their language and customs changed.
The Israelites became known by different names. They were called Gimirrai,
Cimmerians and Scythians. The Persians called all Scythians “Sacae.”
Some of the ten tribes were driven into the Caucasus Mountains between
the Black and Caspian Seas. After they left those mountains, they migrated into
northwestern Europe as the Cimbri, Celts, Danes, Normans and Saxons. They
became known racially as “Caucasians.”
Anglo‑Saxon Roots
Pliny says that the Sacae who settled in Armenia (south of the Black
Sea) were named “Sacassani” (Book vi.19). They called their part of Armenia
“Sacasena,” which is nearly the same as Saxonia or Saxony. Ptolemy also
mentions a Scythian people called “Saxones.” The Anglo-Saxons are British
ancestors.
Both British and Scandinavian roots therefore go back to the area of
Scythia. They are kindred nations with a common origin. No wonder there are
Scythian elements in both Viking and Celtic art (page 178, The Scythians by
T. T. Rice).
Not all Scythians were Israelites. But we definitely know that the House
of Israel — the northern ten tribes — was in the area of Scythia during the
first century. The apostle James addressed his letter to them (James 1:1).
So did the apostle Peter. He specifically mentions the provinces south
of the Black Sea where they were living as “sojourners” and “exiles” (I Peter
1:1, RSV).
Josephus, the Jewish historian, wrote his history about the same period
of time. In the last quarter of the first century, he said, “the ten tribes are
beyond — (the river) — Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude, and
not to be estimated by numbers” (Book XI, chapter V. 2, Antiquities of the
Jews).
Although some Israelites had already migrated into northern Europe, many were still in the territory of Great Scythia when Josephus wrote.
This article doesn’t have space to give all the evidence available. It
can only supplement the vast amount of biblical information on the subject in
Mr. Armstrong’s booklet, The United States and Britain in Prophecy. Write
for a free copy if you don’t already have it.
(This article was published in The Plain
Truth, Norwegian Edition, July/August 1984, p.10.)